Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

396 index
prefrontal cortex
and the amygdala, 95
and anxiety disorders, 95
and consciousness, 354
in the FARS model, 351–52
and fear, pathological, 95
and schizophrenia, 164–65
and working memory, 134
pregnant woman example, 135
prepared learning, 93
present, past, and future, 176
pre-SMA area, 352
pretectum, 348
prey recognition, and female recognition, 356
pride, 20
primates, 99–100, 101–02, 335
primitive brain, 40–41, 41, 44. See also
paleomammalian brain; protoreptilian brain
primordial cortex, 84
processing approach to emotion, 82–83
processing levels. See effective functioning model
procurement (appetitive) phase, 358, 376
prosopagnosia, 153
proto-affect, 175, 178–82, 197
protoreptilian brain, 40–41, 41. See also primitive
brain
protosign, 353
protospeech, 353
PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder), 93
punishers/punishment. See reinforcers; reward and
punishment; reward, punishment brain
design theory
pure agent teams (AI), 313
rage, 16, 120
rational route. See explicit route (dual route theory)
rats
and dopamine, 53–54
and fear, 86–87, 99
motivation in, 357–60, 362
and opioids, 60, 65
plasticity and flexibility, 45
pleasure center, 363
and serotonin, 57
and the TAM-WG model, 359, 359–60
thirst in, 35
vision in, 350
zif268 gene, 45
reactive layer. See CogAff; design-based ontology
reactive level (effective functioning)
described, 179–82, 197
function of, 175
interruption of higher levels, 175
lack of emotional states, 181
organism functions, 176
and personality, 190–91, 192
proto-affect, 175, 178–82, 197
schematic, 175
“real” emotions. See robots, behaviorist vs.
feeling
reductionism, 335
reflective level (effective functioning)
and artificial intelligence, 195
and consciousness, 177, 185
described, 185–89, 197
and emotions, 177, 186–87, 197
and higher-animals, 185
and higher-level cognition, 177
organism functions, 176
and personality, 192
and robots, 193
schematic, 175
temporal representation, 177
reflexes
and emotions, 12
and fear conditioning, 87
as inflexible behavior, 124
role of in survival, 37
reinforcement contingencies, 120
reinforcers, 119–21, 120, 123, 131–32.
See also reward and punishment;
reward, punishment brain design
theory
reinforcing stimuli. See reinforcers
releasers
in Kismet Project, 287–88, 291, 296–301
role of in behavior, 37
relief, 16, 119, 120
religious indoctrination, 216
representational states, 14
responses
active/passive, 122
arbitrary operant, 129
autonomic, 14, 87, 123
bodily, 103–04
common currency, 129–30, 133
danger, 86
defensive, 86–87
disgust, 304
endocrine, 14, 87, 88, 123
eye blink, 87
fear, 86, 91, 304–05
fitness of, 129–31
flexible, 123–26
freezing, 86, 87, 91
musculoskeletal, 14
operant, 129
pain, 90
proactive, 15–16
reactive, 15–16
startle, 12, 87
and taxes, 35, 37, 128, 345
timing, 87
visceral, 14
reticular formation, modelling, 375
reward, punishment brain design theory. See also
reinforcers
and appraisal theories, 119
emotions diagram, 119, 120
evolutionary approach, 128–31
exceptions, 119
extinction/time out, 120–21