Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

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eware the passionate robot 363 responses, or controls for food and water intake. The more caudal segment of the column is involved in general foraging/exploratory behaviors. Kelley notes that the lateral hypothalamus is not specifically included in Swanson’s behavioral control column scheme but probably plays a critical role in arousal, control of behavioral state, and reward-seeking behavior. It includes what Olds (1977) referred to as the “pleasure center” because rats will press a lever thousands of times per hour to deliver electrical stimulation to this region. We may distinguish drive signals—energy deficits, osmotic imbalance, visceral cues (including pain, temperature, and heart rate), metabolic and humoral information, etc.—from external cues about objects and other animals in the world. Following Risold, Thompson, & Swanson (1997), Kelley reviews the many paths whereby both kinds of information reach the hypothalamus, with much specificity as to which kinds of information affect which nuclei. Amygdala, Orbitofrontal Cortex, and their Friends Kelley notes that the amygdala’s role in reward valuation and learning, particularly in its lateral and basolateral aspects (which are intimately connected with the frontotemporal association cortex) can influence and perhaps bias lateral hypothalamic output, citing literature on ingestive behavior which complements the emphasis of Fellous and LeDoux (Chapter 4) of certain nuclei of the amygdala in fear behavior. Figure 12.4 summarizes the evolutionary perspective of Fellous and LeDoux on fearful behavior. The role of the hippocampus in conditioning to contextual cues can be usefully compared to its “you are here” function in the Figure 12.2 model of motivated spatial behavior. The crucial element from an evolutionary point of view is the set of reciprocal interactions between the amygdala and cerebral cortex: the amygdala can influence cortical areas by way of feedback either from proprioceptive or visceral signals or hormones, via projections to various arousal networks (these are discussed extensively in Kelley’s Chapter 3), and through interaction with the medial prefrontal cortex. This area has widespread influences on cognition and behavior and sends connections to several amygdala regions, allowing cognitive functions organized in prefrontal regions to regulate the amygdala and its fear reactions. This, for fear behavior, provides but one example of the major principle for organization of the behavioral control columns—namely, that they project massively back to the cerebral cortex/voluntary control system directly or indirectly via the dorsal thalamus (Risold, Thompson, & Swanson, 1997;
364 conclusions (A) Auditory stimulus (B) Auditory Cortex Thalamus Contextual stimulus Hippocampus LAA B / AB Swanson, 2000). Kelley stresses that this feed-forward hypothalamic projection to the cerebral hemispheres provides the anatomical substrate for the intimate access of associative and cognitive cortical areas to basic motivational networks [which] enables the generation of emotions, or the manifestation of “motivational potential.” Thus, in the primate brain, this substantial reciprocal interaction between . . . behavioral control columns and . . . cortex subserving higher order processes CE Brainstem Fear Reactions: lateral hypothalamus: blood pressure periaqueductal gray: freezing bed nucleus of the stria terminalis: Stress hormones Sensory Cortex mPFC dlPFC Working memory Thalamus Hippocampus A Behavior arousal Basal Forebrain Brainstem Locus coeruleus bodily feedback Hormones Proprioception Figure 12.4. (a) Differential paths through the amygdala for fear conditioning to an auditory stimulus and to contextual cues. (b) Interaction of the amygdala with cortical areas allows cognitive functions organized in prefrontal regions to regulate the amygdala and its fear reactions. LA, lateral nucleus of amygdala; CE, central nucleus of amygdala; B/AB, basal/accessory basal nuclei of amygdala. (Adapted from Fellous & LeDoux, Chapter 4, Fig. 4.2).
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TLFeBOOK Who Needs Emotions? The Br
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The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental
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3 Oxford University Press, Inc., pu
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vi preface want their computer prog
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viii preface is required because th
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x preface prefer to read Part III b
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xii contents PART III: ROBOTS 7 Aff
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xiv contributors Jean-Marc Fellous
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4 perspectives RUSSELL: I confess t
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6 perspectives EDISON: Tinkering! Y
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10 perspectives HOW COULD WE TELL I
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12 perspectives This, of course, ra
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14 perspectives of a stimulus (e.g.
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16 perspectives an emotion is neith
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18 perspectives cognitive processes
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20 perspectives that they visually
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22 perspectives A self-model that c
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24 perspectives Brothers, L. (1997)
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30 brains specificity and flexibili
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32 brains It is useful to begin wit
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34 brains the readout of that syste
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36 brains A. 5 NH 4Cl Bacteria in c
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38 brains Although instinctual beha
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40 brains Motivated behavior requir
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42 brains emerged through decades o
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44 brains and gonadal and adrenal s
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46 brains voluntary control of acti
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48 brains A. Total cerebral input t
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50 brains sensory neurons, interneu
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52 brains functions. Niall (1982) n
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54 brains motivation arousal necess
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56 brains serotonergic system is pr
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58 brains as tree jumping (Doudet e
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60 brains then have a system that a
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62 brains heroin and other opiates,
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64 brains benefits that also presen
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66 brains and brain neurotransmitte
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68 brains Cardinaud, B., Gilbert, J
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70 brains Hess, W. R. (1957). The f
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72 brains MacLean, P. D. (1990). Th
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74 brains Pfaus, J. G., Damsma, G.,
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76 brains trained monkeys: Agonist
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80 brains We conclude by discussing
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82 brains to prove, theoretical dis
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84 brains is a mammalian specializa
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86 brains processing circuits to se
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88 brains amygdala) and the control
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90 brains comparison of the amygdal
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92 brains Is the Amygdala Necessary
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94 brains the amygdala to determine
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96 brains The medial prefrontal cor
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98 brains Many questions remain to
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100 brains by the amygdala might be
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102 brains United States, pair up w
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104 brains networks that participat
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106 brains Note Portions of this ch
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108 brains Davidson, R. J., & Irwin
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110 brains mediate emotional respon
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112 brains Salinas, J. A. (1995). I
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114 brains and thalamo-cortico-amyg
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118 brains and flexible in the orbi
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120 brains Pleasure Rage Anger Frus
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122 brains of the eliciting stimulu
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124 brains or a right turn to obtai
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126 brains cortex and basal ganglia
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128 brains tex of recent (episodic)
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130 brains the right value in the c
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132 brains by the process of condit
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134 brains memories to be held in p
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136 brains However, it may be expec
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138 brains Figure 5.4. Some of the
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140 brains acting through the ventr
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142 brains (cutting white matter) w
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144 brains References Alexander, R.
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146 brains Rolls, E. T. (1999a). Th
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148 brains directed to us or when t
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150 brains Specific methods, partly
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152 brains Movements performed by l
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154 brains processing of invariant
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156 brains more about them, their r
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158 brains see Zajonc, 1985), the i
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160 brains The question now arises
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162 brains situations where they ha
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164 brains Estimation of social con
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166 brains Davies, M., & Stone, T.
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168 brains Lhermitte, F. (1983). Ut
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174 robots perform unanticipated ta
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176 Table 7.1. Principal Organism F
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178 robots and cognitive domains. A
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180 robots that they are better tho
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182 robots irregularities or discon
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184 robots 3. A (positive) feeling
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186 robots We consider the well-est
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188 robots disturbed by the approac
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190 robots processing. We view para
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192 robots independent, a value on
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194 robots Implications of the Proc
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196 robots current affective state
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198 robots primitive fear at the ro
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200 robots Gray, J. A. (1990). Brai
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202 robots cesses underlying approa
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204 robots case of CogAff, conjectu
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206 robots some cases and in other
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208 robots DIRECT AND MEDIATED CONT
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210 robots Toward a Useful Ontology
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212 robots different varieties of m
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214 robots Primitive sensors provid
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216 robots Being in a state P of a
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218 robots terms of the ability to
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220 robots Varieties of Affective S
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222 robots Central Perception Actio
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224 robots control, where all the l
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226 robots layer (e.g., observing p
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228 robots are sometimes unclear, i
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230 robots for such a fast-acting s
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232 robots from mental processes ot
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234 robots The majority view in thi
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236 robots Will it be a long-term f
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238 robots or implicitly adopted de
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240 robots some undesirable emotion
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242 robots References Albus, J. S.,
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244 robots Sloman, A. (2001b). Evol
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246 robots state variables such as
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248 robots In order to make robots
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250 robots motivational state also
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252 robots Prey acquisition: This b
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254 robots Figure 9.3. Top photos:
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256 robots especially when young. E
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258 robots Object of Attachment Saf
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260 robots Mean distance to attachm
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262 robots 2003), but the intent is
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264 robots Affective State Emotion
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266 robots Motivational/emotional m
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268 robots Brooks, R. (1986). A rob
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272 robots responsible for perceivi
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274 robots species considered to be
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276 robots This endeavor does not i
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278 robots For example, the person
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280 robots mental states (i.e., int
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282 robots Expression of Affective
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284 robots Negative valence High ar
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286 robots and emotion-related proc
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288 robots For instance, the visual
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290 robots Undesired stimulus Rejec
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292 robots intensity: seek or acqui
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294 robots Table 10.2. Summary of t
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296 robots it up (Breazeal, 2002b).
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298 robots pitch, f o (kHz) pitch,
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300 robots Table 10.3. Overall Clas
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302 robots Each emotion gateway pro
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304 robots Biasing Attention Kismet
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306 robots be to vocalize to the pe
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308 robots References Ackerman, B.,
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310 robots Center for the Study of
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Page 351 and 352: 334 conclusions handout and pleased
Page 353 and 354: 336 conclusions emotion. How can we
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Page 357 and 358: 340 conclusions Absence of N and N
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Page 393 and 394: 376 conclusions Consider a robot th
Page 395 and 396: 378 conclusions 3. As already noted
Page 397 and 398: 380 conclusions Fellous, J.-M., & S
Page 399 and 400: 382 conclusions Localization of gra
Page 403 and 404: 386 index amygdala back projection,
Page 405 and 406: 388 index cognition (continued) evo
Page 407 and 408: 390 index emotion research (continu
Page 409 and 410: 392 index fear conditioning (contin
Page 411 and 412: 394 index limbic system theory, 80-
Page 413 and 414: 396 index prefrontal cortex and the
Page 415 and 416: 398 index schema theory and Jackson
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