Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

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organization of motivational–emotional systems 47 Walker, Brooks, & Holden–Dye, 1996). Neurotransmitters are released from axon terminals, cross the synapse, and bind to postsynaptic receptor sites to effect a cascade of intracellular biochemical events. Uptake sites on presynaptic terminals are proteins that regulate the synaptic level of neurotransmitter by binding released transmitter and transporting it back into the terminal. These molecules play a role in adaptive behaviors to a surprisingly conserved degree across species and phyla. Subjective states in humans which are associated with such feelings as joy, fear, anxiety, and maternal love are derived from the actions of truly primordial chemical systems. Following the origins of bacterial life, eukaryotic cells appeared approximately 2 billion years ago, primitive multicelled organisms appeared around 800 million years ago, and vertebrates are estimated to have diverged from invertebrates around 500–600 million years ago. All extant mammals, birds, and reptiles are derived from stem reptiles that lived approximately 200–300 million years ago. Neurotransmitter development followed this evolutionary path. All neurons, throughout the animal kingdom, contain at least one releasable substance (usually an amine, peptide, amino acid, or acetylcholine) and utilize either ligand-gated ion channels or second messengers such as G proteins, AMP, phospholipase C, and calcium to communicate their signal postsynaptically. Second-messenger systems appeared quite early in evolution, perhaps to add a longer time scale and greater flexibility in neural communication.* For example, the yeast alphamating factor (a peptide pheromone) is a member of the G protein–coupled receptor superfamily (Darlison & Richter, 1999), and G protein–coupled receptors are found throughout arthropods, flatworms, and mollusks (Walker, Brooks, & Holden-Dye, 1996).† Calcium, a ubiquitous second messenger, plays this role even in bacteria (Tisa & Adler, 1992). Ligandgated channels, complex membrane-bound proteins that allow fast chemical transmission via gating of the flow of cations and anions in and out of the cell (such as that involving g-aminobutyric acid, acetylcholine, and glutamate), are present in all animal species studied thus far. Chemical compounds can act in several ways: strictly as transmitters that convey specific information via their effect on postsynaptic receptors, as modulators of the postsynaptic receptor so as to alter other incoming signals, or as signals acting at sites distal from release sites, thus acting as neurohormones. *Ligand-gated ion channels are proteins that allow rapid flux of ions such as sodium or potassium in and out of the neuron, depending on the binding of neurotransmitter to its receptor. Second messengers are molecules that aid in the transduction of the chemical signal to an electrical signal. †G protein–coupled receptors are receptors for neurotransmitters that utilize specific membrane-bound proteins—G proteins—that activate certain critical intracellular second messenger enzymes, such as cyclic AMP.
48 brains A. Total cerebral input to behavior control column PREFRONTAL REGION * C I N G U L A T E FRP S O M A T O M O T O R S O M A T O S E N SORY GUSTATORY O L F A C T O R Y FS ACB INDUSIUM GRISEUM CLAUSTRAL COMPLEX AGRANULAR INSULAR BST LSC MSC V I S C E R A L B. Striatopallidal and behavior control column input to thalamus C. Rostral behavior control column input to thalamocortical loop PREFRONTAL REGION * C I N G U L A T E FRP S O M A T O M O T O R FS ACB S O M A T O S E N SORY GUSTATORY O L F A C T O R Y BST LSC MSC P. PARIETAL MA INDUSIUM GRISEUM CLAUSTRAL COMPLEX AGRANULAR INSULAR V I S C E R A L OT OT CP R E G I O N CP C e r e b r a l n u c l e i RE PVT PT MA SI GP AUDITORY VISUAL C e r e b r a l n u c l e i P. PARIETAL SI GP Rostral behavior control column ATN R E G I O N AUDITORY PT PVT C E R E B R A L N U C L E I T E M P O R A L R E G I O N FS CM FASCIOLA CINERIA O L F A C T O R Y FS PCN LDm VAL VM SMT VISUAL SI MD SI AAA AAA VPM T E M P O R A L R E G I O N MEA CEA LP PO VPL OCP * E N T O R H I N AL BASOLATERAL NUCLEI MEA CEA DORSAL THALAMUS C E R E B R A L C O R T E X FASCIOLA CINERIA O L F A C T O R Y AMv RE MDm * LGd OCP E N T O R H I N AL BASOLATERAL NUCLEI MG PF * SUBICULAR COMPLEX TEP Caudal behavior control column * TEP PVT SUBICULAR COMPLEX PVT A M M O N ' S H O R N A M M O N ' S H O R N DENTATE GYRUS Brainstem motor regions DENTATE GYRUS
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TLFeBOOK Who Needs Emotions? The Br
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The Nature of Emotion: Fundamental
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3 Oxford University Press, Inc., pu
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vi preface want their computer prog
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viii preface is required because th
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x preface prefer to read Part III b
Page 13 and 14: xii contents PART III: ROBOTS 7 Aff
Page 15 and 16: xiv contributors Jean-Marc Fellous
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Page 21 and 22: 4 perspectives RUSSELL: I confess t
Page 23 and 24: 6 perspectives EDISON: Tinkering! Y
Page 27 and 28: 10 perspectives HOW COULD WE TELL I
Page 29 and 30: 12 perspectives This, of course, ra
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Page 33 and 34: 16 perspectives an emotion is neith
Page 35 and 36: 18 perspectives cognitive processes
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Page 39 and 40: 22 perspectives A self-model that c
Page 41 and 42: 24 perspectives Brothers, L. (1997)
Page 47 and 48: 30 brains specificity and flexibili
Page 49 and 50: 32 brains It is useful to begin wit
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Page 55 and 56: 38 brains Although instinctual beha
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Page 61 and 62: 44 brains and gonadal and adrenal s
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Page 71 and 72: 54 brains motivation arousal necess
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Page 79 and 80: 62 brains heroin and other opiates,
Page 81 and 82: 64 brains benefits that also presen
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Page 89 and 90: 72 brains MacLean, P. D. (1990). Th
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Page 93 and 94: 76 brains trained monkeys: Agonist
Page 97 and 98: 80 brains We conclude by discussing
Page 99 and 100: 82 brains to prove, theoretical dis
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Page 105 and 106: 88 brains amygdala) and the control
Page 107 and 108: 90 brains comparison of the amygdal
Page 109 and 110: 92 brains Is the Amygdala Necessary
Page 111 and 112: 94 brains the amygdala to determine
Page 113 and 114: 96 brains The medial prefrontal cor
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98 brains Many questions remain to
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100 brains by the amygdala might be
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102 brains United States, pair up w
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104 brains networks that participat
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106 brains Note Portions of this ch
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108 brains Davidson, R. J., & Irwin
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110 brains mediate emotional respon
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112 brains Salinas, J. A. (1995). I
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114 brains and thalamo-cortico-amyg
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118 brains and flexible in the orbi
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120 brains Pleasure Rage Anger Frus
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122 brains of the eliciting stimulu
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124 brains or a right turn to obtai
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126 brains cortex and basal ganglia
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128 brains tex of recent (episodic)
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130 brains the right value in the c
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132 brains by the process of condit
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134 brains memories to be held in p
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136 brains However, it may be expec
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138 brains Figure 5.4. Some of the
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140 brains acting through the ventr
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142 brains (cutting white matter) w
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144 brains References Alexander, R.
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146 brains Rolls, E. T. (1999a). Th
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148 brains directed to us or when t
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150 brains Specific methods, partly
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152 brains Movements performed by l
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154 brains processing of invariant
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156 brains more about them, their r
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158 brains see Zajonc, 1985), the i
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160 brains The question now arises
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162 brains situations where they ha
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164 brains Estimation of social con
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166 brains Davies, M., & Stone, T.
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168 brains Lhermitte, F. (1983). Ut
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174 robots perform unanticipated ta
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176 Table 7.1. Principal Organism F
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178 robots and cognitive domains. A
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180 robots that they are better tho
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182 robots irregularities or discon
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184 robots 3. A (positive) feeling
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186 robots We consider the well-est
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188 robots disturbed by the approac
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190 robots processing. We view para
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192 robots independent, a value on
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194 robots Implications of the Proc
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196 robots current affective state
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198 robots primitive fear at the ro
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200 robots Gray, J. A. (1990). Brai
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202 robots cesses underlying approa
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204 robots case of CogAff, conjectu
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206 robots some cases and in other
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208 robots DIRECT AND MEDIATED CONT
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210 robots Toward a Useful Ontology
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212 robots different varieties of m
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214 robots Primitive sensors provid
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216 robots Being in a state P of a
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218 robots terms of the ability to
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220 robots Varieties of Affective S
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222 robots Central Perception Actio
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224 robots control, where all the l
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226 robots layer (e.g., observing p
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228 robots are sometimes unclear, i
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230 robots for such a fast-acting s
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232 robots from mental processes ot
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234 robots The majority view in thi
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236 robots Will it be a long-term f
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238 robots or implicitly adopted de
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240 robots some undesirable emotion
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242 robots References Albus, J. S.,
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244 robots Sloman, A. (2001b). Evol
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246 robots state variables such as
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248 robots In order to make robots
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250 robots motivational state also
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252 robots Prey acquisition: This b
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254 robots Figure 9.3. Top photos:
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256 robots especially when young. E
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258 robots Object of Attachment Saf
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260 robots Mean distance to attachm
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262 robots 2003), but the intent is
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264 robots Affective State Emotion
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266 robots Motivational/emotional m
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268 robots Brooks, R. (1986). A rob
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272 robots responsible for perceivi
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274 robots species considered to be
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276 robots This endeavor does not i
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278 robots For example, the person
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280 robots mental states (i.e., int
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282 robots Expression of Affective
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284 robots Negative valence High ar
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286 robots and emotion-related proc
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288 robots For instance, the visual
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290 robots Undesired stimulus Rejec
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292 robots intensity: seek or acqui
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294 robots Table 10.2. Summary of t
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296 robots it up (Breazeal, 2002b).
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298 robots pitch, f o (kHz) pitch,
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300 robots Table 10.3. Overall Clas
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302 robots Each emotion gateway pro
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304 robots Biasing Attention Kismet
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306 robots be to vocalize to the pe
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308 robots References Ackerman, B.,
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310 robots Center for the Study of
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312 robots When team members align
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314 robots effects that the agent h
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316 robots double arrow), which imp
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318 robots that of “robot as avat
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320 robots terms of specific apprai
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322 robots their own self-survival
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324 robots explicit, intended commu
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326 robots Although, the emotion
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328 robots planning. In Proceedings
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334 conclusions handout and pleased
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336 conclusions emotion. How can we
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338 conclusions Presumably, the fac
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340 conclusions Absence of N and N
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342 conclusions Thus, evolution yie
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344 conclusions different from such
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346 conclusions approach to the soc
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348 conclusions at the much higher
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350 conclusions mediated by distrib
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352 conclusions to the prefrontal c
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354 conclusions pathway of much mor
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356 conclusions The Motivated Toad
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358 conclusions explicitly formal r
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360 conclusions directly and by pro
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362 conclusions striatum pallidum d
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364 conclusions (A) Auditory stimul
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366 conclusions from the primary ta
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368 conclusions by an interest in u
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370 conclusions he sees as the stat
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372 conclusions to detect possible
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374 conclusions much of my behavior
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376 conclusions Consider a robot th
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378 conclusions 3. As already noted
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380 conclusions Fellous, J.-M., & S
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382 conclusions Localization of gra
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386 index amygdala back projection,
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388 index cognition (continued) evo
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390 index emotion research (continu
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392 index fear conditioning (contin
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394 index limbic system theory, 80-
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396 index prefrontal cortex and the
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398 index schema theory and Jackson
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