Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

desires (in BDI), 313–14
diencephalic, 40–41, 41, 44
dimensional approach to emotion categories, 16
direct/mediated states, 216
direct route. See implicit route (dual route theory)
disembodied agents, and CogAff, 225
disgust
as domain-specific emotion, 14
as emotional category, 16
as facial expression, 126
in Kismet robot, 294–95, 304
dogs, robotic, 258–61, 261
domain-specific emotion processing theory, 14–
15
dopamine
and animal behavior, 31, 64
and behavior, 52–55
and brain evolution, 55
in monkeys, 35
and neuromodulation, 366–67
receptors in mammals and insects, 50
role of in reward and plasticity, 30, 89–90
dorsal stream, 351
Dream Robot, 262
drives
adversive, 357
appetitive, 357
and behavior, 34–35
in Kismet, 287–89, 291, 300–301, 305
and motivation, 355
role of in behavior, 39
as stimuli, 32
drug addiction
in animals, 61–62
chemical basis of, 63–66
and dopamine, 53
in humans, 61
in monkeys, 35
and opioids, 59, 61
and serotonin, 56
dual route theory. See also explicit route (dual
route theory); implicit route (dual route
theory)
alcohol, effect of, 135
conscience, 136
described, 118, 124–26, 131–36
diagram, 125
and emotional processing, 105
id, ego, and superego, 136
impulses and inhibitions, 136
instrumental learning, 124
language systems, 125, 133
long- vs. short-term benefits, 136
and planning, 133–34
pregnant woman example, 135
route usage, 134–35, 136
stimulus-reinforcer association learning, 124
eBug, 250
ecological niche, 343, 344, 374
ecstasy, 16, 120
index 389
Edison/Russell dialog, 3–7, 336
effective functioning model
affect domain at each level, 179–89
anatomical mapping of levels, 177
and appraisal theories of emotion, 177
and classical conditioning, 178–79
and CogAff, 225–26
described, 174–79
domains of functioning, 174, 197. See also
affect domain (effective functioning);
behavior domain (effective functioning);
cognition domain (effective functioning);
motivation domain (effective functioning)
emotional range by level, 177
emotions vs. feelings, 174
as framework for discussion, 178–79, 193, 198
interruption of higher levels, 175, 175, 179,
181, 183, 197
levels of processing, 174–75, 175, 194–95. See
also reactive level (effective functioning);
reflective level (effective functioning);
routine level (effective functioning)
and neurotic personality, 191, 192
organism functions by level, 176
personality. See personality (effective
functioning)
and robot design, 192–96
and temporal representation, 175–77
ego, and dual route theory, 136
elation, 120
Electric Elves (E-Elves), 317–18, 323
embarrassment, 14, 20
embodied self, 148, 154–55, 156
emotional narrative. See meeting cancellation
narrative
emotional states. See also belief-like states; central
states; desire-like states; internal states
and cognitive states, 338
communication of, 126
conscious and unconscious, 123
and facial expressions, 20, 343–44
intentional, 122
interaction with memory, 127, 339
and interrupts/alarms, 230
Kismet Project, 300–301
object of, 122
and reinforcers, 119–20, 121, 123
representation in the brain, 137, 139
and simulation theory, 20
as states of organism, 12
termination of, 338–39, 360
emotion research
advanced by robot research, 10, 18–19, 23
and brain mechanisms, 80–81
and CogAff, 225
and cognitive science, 81
and computational models, 104–05
and consciousness, 96–98
“credibility problem,” 81
experimental aspects, 13
fear and basic principles, 85–86, 101, 104