Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

instrumental reinforcers, 119
introduced, 118–23, 132
omission/termination, 119
reinforcers, presentation/omission/termination
of, 120
reward and punishment. See also reinforcers;
reward, punishment brain design theory
and the amygdala, 44, 139–40, 365–66
and brain design, 117, 123–24, 128–31, 136–
42, 369–70
and categorizing emotions, 16
common currency, 129–30
definitions, 118–19, 128–29
and dopamine, 53, 55
and emotional vs. non-emotional states, 122
as external stimuli, 143n.1
in Kismet Project, 288–89, 293
and multiagent teamwork, 324–26
and operant responses, 129
and the orbitofrontal cortex, 140–41
and plasticity, 30
punishers, as positive/negative reinforcers, 120
rewards, expected, 141
and robot emotions, 143
vs. taxes, 128–29
value of stimulus, 131–32
reward-based route. See implicit route (dual route
theory)
rewards. See reinforcers; reward and punishment;
reward, punishment brain design theory
RMTDP. See role-based Markov team decision
problem (RMTDP)
RoboCup Rescue, 235, 314
robots. See also computer tutor, need for
emotions; human-robot interactions;
Kismet Project; robots, behaviorist vs.
feeling; robots, emotions
and anthropomorphism, 22
and attachment theory, 256–58, 259
and autonomy, 371
“beware the passionate robot,” 334, 372
and CogAff, 225
as dogs, 258–61, 261
ecological niche, 374
and effective functioning model, 192–96
entertainment models, 258–62, 280
and evolution, 130
and four Fs, 374–75
guaranteed performance, 371–72
home-cleaning, 272–73
movement in, 152
as neuromodulation analogs, 368
Nomad robot, 260
paradigms, human-robot interactions, 276–77
praying mantis model, 252–55, 253, 254
remote-controlled, 11–12
RoboCup Rescue, 235, 314
role of motivation/emotions in, 247–48
and simulated action, 150
and social communication, 18
Sony Dream Robot, 262
index 397
and the TAME model, 263–65
Tolman’s sowbug, 248, 249, 250, 250–51
robots, behaviorist vs. feeling, 10–13, 233. See
also emotion research; robots, emotions
robots, emotions. See also Kismet Project; robots,
behaviorist vs. feeling
advancing emotion theory, 10, 18–19, 23
and affect domain, 195–96
and animal emotions, 11–12
in behavior-based architecture, 254
comfort level, 258
and curiosity, 194
in Cyborg robot, 278
defined, 247, 265
and effective functioning model, 192–96
and emotional heat, 373–74
emotional models, 265–66
and human reaction, 13
implementation, 236–37
internal aspects, 11–13
lack of, 130
mimicking behavior. See robots, behaviorist vs.
feeling
and motivation, 194
need for, 30, 234–36, 240, 246, 275, 371–77
“operationally fearful” robots, 86
in the Partner robot, 279
possibility of, 10–13, 22–23
questions for designers, 235–36
reaction to criticism, 238–39
recognition of, 195–96
and reflective level (effective functioning),
193
and reward, punishment brain design theory,
143
and social communication, 18
and tertiary emotions, 239
role-based Markov team decision problem
(RMTDP), 316–17, 317, 324–26
rostral column. See behavioral control columns
routine level (effective functioning)
and artificial intelligence, 194–95
and consciousness, 182
described, 182–85, 197
and emotions, 175, 177, 178, 183–84
expert systems as, 193
organism functions, 176
and personality, 191–92
schematic, 175
and well-learned behaviors, 175
Russell, Bertrand, 30
sadness
and active/passive response availability, 122
as emotion, 16, 21
as facial expression, 126
and reinforcement contingencies, 120
and reward termination, 119
role of in survival, 274
safe zone, 257, 258
salted peanut phenomenon, 132