Who Needs Emotions? The Brain Meets the Robot

264 robots
Affective State
Emotion
component
Mood
component
Personality and Affect Module
Behavioral
parameters
Affect based
attitudes
(sentiment)
Behavior
coordination
Dispositions
Traits - FFM
neuroticism,
extraversion,
openness,
agreeableness,
conscientiousness
Motor
vector
Behavioral
assemblage
Robot
Perceptual
module
Perceptual
input
Figure 9.9. Integrated model of personality and affect (traits, attitudes,
moods, and emotions [TAME] model). FFM, five-factor model.
The four major components operate in different time and activation
scales. Emotions are high-activation and short-term, while moods are lowactivation
and relatively prolonged. Traits and attitudes determine the underlying
disposition of the robot and are relatively time-invariant. The basis for
each of these four components is discussed briefly below (see also Ortony
et al., Chapter 7).
Traits serve as an adaptation mechanism to specialized tasks and environments,
whereas emotions mobilize the organism to provide a fast response
to significant environmental stimuli. The five-factor model of personality
developed by McCrae and Costa (1996) serves as the basis for the trait components.
Trait dimensions include openness (O), agreeableness (A), conscientiousness
(C), extroversion (E), and neuroticism (N). Traits influence a wide
range of behaviors and are not limited to emotionally charged situations.
Emotion, in the TAME context, is an organized reaction to an event that
is relevant to the needs, goals, or survival of the organism (Watson, 2000).
It is short in duration, noncyclical, and characterized by a high activation
state and significant energy and bodily resource expenditure. A typical set
of emotions to which we subscribe includes joy, interest, surprise, fear, anger,
sadness, and disgust (Watson, 2000); these are continuously dynamically
generated as emotion-eliciting stimuli are detected.