History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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154 History of Medical Practice in Illinois2. From the very beginning of its medical progress, Illinois has beenfortunate in possessing native sons of high intellectual and surgical attainment,or in attracting men of similar stature to follow their professionalcareers within its borders. In reviewing the lives and works of the earlysurgeons, one is impressed by their extraordinary vigor; their singlenessof purpose; the excellence of their education for those times; their familiaritywith the surgical literature of the United States, England and Europe,and their remarkable vision in all things medical.3. The Illinois State Medical Society, founded in 1840 and reorganizedin 1850, early brought together the active progressive medical and surgicalmen of the state. The records of those meetings, including the formal paperspresented and discussed, and the problems of this rapidly growing profession,have been preserved in the Transactions of the Society,obtainablefor review by the research scholar who will find them of inestimable value.4. The history of surgical advance in Illinois was closely related to thehistory of the medical colleges in the state, one of which (Rush MedicalCollege) was founded as early as 1837. The schools enjoyed varying periodsof popularity and success. Those best fitted to carry on medical and surgicalteaching survived, largely because they were able to obtain anatomic andclinical material for instruction purposes. As the early germs of surgicaleducation sprouted and spread, highly trained surgeons and teachers wereattracted to these institutions. Later, through the vision of the pioneermen of medicine, the medical schools were affiliated with or absorbed bylarge universities. This raised the standards of education, led to the lengtheningof the required time spent in medical school, and re-emphasized theneed for better and more prolonged study of anatomy before surgery waspermitted. There ensued logically an elevation of the scholastic qualificationsof men seeking admission to medical colleges.5. Hospitals, with beds for patients to be used in the clinical teachingof operative surgery and follow-up care, developed similarly but moreslowly than surgery itself.Subsequently nursing schools were establishedto train young women in the work of surgical assistance. With these stepsforward, surgery was in a position to accept the theories of Lister; it couldapply antiseptic methods followed shortly by aseptic technics. By thistransition from antiseptic to aseptic surgical methods, hospital mortalityrates soon were lowered and hospital confinements shortened, and thepeople of the state gradually accepted the advantages of alleviative or curativesurgery as opposed to hasty emergency surgical interventions.6. No doubt the experiences and training that surgeons received duringthe Civil War period stimulated them to greater effort to save lives andreduce human suffering. The surgeons of Illinois took a prominent part
General Surgery 155in war surgery; many served throughout the entire four years,returninghome to practice and to instruct. Later their work was supplemented byexperiments on laboratory animals by such surgeons as Senn, Fenger andothers, many of whom attained international recognition.7. In the latter part of the period under discussion, there followed theformation of influential national and local surgical societies, as well asthe development of the specialties with separate identities within thefield of surgery.8. Finally, late in the history of surgery in these fifty years came thediscovery in 1895 of the x-ray with its manifold advantages for surgery,soon to be still further enhanced by the discovery and application ofradium.Surgery in the Medical Schools 2There were five pioneer medical schools near Chicago: The MedicalDepartment of LaPorte University (later Indiana Medical College) atLaPorte, Indiana, organized in 1842 and discontinued in 1850; FranklinMedical College, St. Charles, Illinois, organized in 1842 and discontinued in1849; Illinois College, Jacksonville, Illinois, organized in 1843 an£l discontinuedin 1848; Rock Island Medical School, Rock Island, Illinois,organized in 1848 and after one year removed to Davenport and laterKeokuk, Iowa, and Rush Medical College, Chicago, organized in 1843.The last mentioned school was the only one which went on without interruptionand it was the only medical school in Chicago until 1859when the Medical Department of Lind University was established.In 1851, Dr. N. S. Davis wrote: "Of the 36 or 37 medical colleges in activeoperation only 16 were so located as to afford those in attendance anyopportunity for witnessing hospital or bedside instructions." Dr. NicholsHard said: "The dextrous use of the pen knife precedes that of the scalpel,and the statement of a problem in the Rule of Three, the statement of acase in consultation."In Volume I of this series, the history of these colleges is set forth insome detail.However, in order to appreciate clearly the significance andoften the dominant role of surgery in the curricula of medical colleges ofthe period 1850 to1900, the history of Rush Medical College will be recitedhere, even though there may be some repetition in so doing.Rush Medical College. In Chapter X, Volume I of this series, begins the* For an excellent account of early medical schools and medical education in Illinois,the reader is referred to "Beginnings of Medical Education in and near Chicago: TheInstitutions and the Men" by George H. Weaver, published in the Bulletin of History ofMedicine of Chicago, 1925, Vol. 3, p. 339.—Editor
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XIVDERMATOLOGYBy B.BARKER B
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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