History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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386 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisAbout this time, a law—as seen in the 3rd edition of the Statutes of Illinoisfrom the years 1818 to 1869—was passed holding railroads and othercarriers (steamboats and the like) liable for importing deceased paupers,and consequently "liable for all such charges as become necessary, in holdinga coroner's inquest and a decent burial, and the necessary expenses ofthe same." There seems no doubt that this injunction was levelled directlyat surgeons and anatomists who because of the fatal bloodshed in therioting incident to the "grave-robbing" at St. Charles had to resort toother means of procuring human cadavers for dissection.In understanding the law just mentioned, we need to retrace our stepsonce more. During a number of years following the episode in which Dr.Daggett was involved as a medical student, the Woodstock Medical Collegein Vermont directed especial attention to its announcement: "No subjectfor dissection will be received from any person at any time." This announcementwas typical of like statements appearing in the bulletins ofthe medical schools of those times,as new centers of medical instructionarose. In many cases the charter for such a school could be secured, or itscontinued existence assured, only after the publication of a pledge, or theproclamation of the resolution:that no subject for use of the institution"shall be taken from any graveyard or burying ground in the County; butsuch as may be necessary shall be procured from the great seaports of theneighboring States." 32 That cadavers often were transported from greatdistances is confirmed by the report about Dr. Beck "early in the thirties"having "carried bodies in a buggy allthe way from Boston to Albany inorder to supply material to his classes in the latter city." 33 Already at theend of the 18th century, as Dr. John Warren relates, agents were employedin New York City to furnish dissecting material for his teaching at theHarvard Medical School. 34Waite refers to the personal reminiscences of one who had intimateknowledge of the medical college at Castleton, Vermont, "that some bodieswere received from Albany and Troy, New York, about fifty miles distant,but hardly deserving the name of 'great seaports.' " These bodies wereshipped in brine barrels marked 'beef or 'pork' and consigned to a localgroceryman. They were conveyed part of the way on canal boats and theremainder of the way in wagons." 35Despite the assertions in the announcements of the country medical32Waite, ibid.^Bardeen, Charles R.: Anatomy in America. Bull, of Univ. of Wisconsin, No. 115,Science Series, Vol. 3., Madison, Wis. 1905.34Harrington, Thomas F.: The Hai-vard Medical School, a History, Narrative and Documentary.New York and Chicago, 1905, II, p. 655.^Sanford, James: Reminiscences of Castleton Medical College. Rutland Daily Heraldand Globe, July 21, 1879.
History of Anatomy Laws in Illinois 387colleges that the cadavers were obtained from distant cities, and of thecity colleges that they got theirs from remote country districts, it is likely,that nearly all of this material was disinterred in the immediate neighborhood.When 3,J rumors of grave robberies disturbed a community, editors,who generally were on the side of the local medical faculties, stated intheir newspapers that such felonies had been committed for the benefit ofsome distant institution. More frequent than attacks by mobs were thevisitations of the sheriff. But his searches were usually without resulteitherbecause he was in connivance with the authorities of the medicalcollege and warned them in advance of an impending search, or because thecollege had clever ways of hiding the few cadavers illegally in their possession.Such a body when secured was rapidly dissected; diaries of studentsshow that they worked continuously, even into the early hours of morning,and were excused from attending lectures until the dissection was completed,usually within a week. If there was danger of interruption, therewere various devices of concealment. One such place was the cupola, anarchitectural feature of many early medical school buildings, not onlyornamental but useful. By block and tackle several cadavers could behoisted into the cupola through a trap door, whereupon the ladder bywhich this had been reached could be hidden between the partitions ofthe building. And sometimes only bold force could overcome imminentviolence, as for instance at Cleveland, Ohio, in 1852, when the Medical Departmentof Western Reserve College, anticipating an attack by a mobwhich had wrecked and destroyed another medical school in the city,procured guns and ammunition from a neighboring armory. "The whitehaireddean, musket in hand, stood on the front steps of the medicalbuilding with armed students behind him awaiting the mob which didnot come when its scouts advised it of the preparation for its reception."After the Civil War, when railroads were extended, the shipment ofcadavers from distant parts increased. Then many bodies of southernNegroes were used in northern medical schools, being shipped to them inbarrels labeled as some commodity. A demonstrator, and later professor ofAnatomy in a medical college in New England, described to Waite thearrangement he had, even as late as in the "eighties" and "nineties," forprocuring an adequate supply of bodies for his classes; ". . . . he receivedtwice in each session a shipment of twelve bodies of Southern Negroes.They came in barrels marked 'turpentine' and consigned to a local hardwarestore that dealt in painting materials." These examples suffice to showhow many a medical school, to meet the threat of extinction, was compelledto resort to various subterfuges and had to circumvent, too,the laws pertainingto the traffic in bodies.39Waite, ibid.
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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114 History of Jiledical Practice i
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History of Medical Practice in Illi
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XIVDERMATOLOGYBy B.BARKER B
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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