History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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264 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisAssociate; Dr. MacArthur, Clinical Associate; Drs. Webster, C. C. Rogers,L. E. Schwarz and George Shambaugh, Assistants, and Dr. Brown, ClinicalAssistant.The Medical School of Northwestern University opened as the MedicalDepartment of Lind University in 1859 with the first graded curriculumtwo years in length, with a junior preclinical and a senior clinical year.Ophthalmology was completely omitted from the curriculum until 1866,when it was announced that "Dr. J.S. Hildreth, who has charge of theWard (of the Cook County Hospital) set apart for diseases of the eye andear, will give a Clinic in that department every Saturday." This statementwas repeated in the catalogues of 1867 and 1870, but Dr. Hildreth's namewas not included in the faculty listing. In 1871, however, after the deathof Dr. Hildreth, Dr. Samuel J.Jones was appointed Professor of Ophthalmologyand Otology and a course on diseases of the eye and ear and practicaltraining in the use of the ophthalmoscope was offered during the secondyear of the three year course. Dr. Jones constituted the entire departmentof ophthalmology and otology until 1878, when Dr. S. O. Richey is mentionedas a member of the Eye and Ear Department in the Dispensary.The following year the name of Dr. H. M. Starkey was substituted, and in1881, that of Dr. F. C. Schaefer was added. Dr. Starkey later was listed asgiving a clinic at Mercy Hospital and, in 1891, his name is found on thefaculty list as Clinical Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Otology. AlthoughDr. Jones had been the Professor since 1871, not for twenty more years wasanother man listed as having any academic appointment within the department,the names of Drs. Richey, Schaefer and Starkey having been listedonly as giving clinics or assisting in the Dispensary. In the 1891 catalogue,Dr. F. C. Hotz was named as ophthalmologist to the Wesley Hospital to beopened shortly, but when the hospital actually opened in 1893, Dr. Starkeywas not only the ophthalmologist but in the same year became Professorof Clinical Ophthalmology and Otology. In the meanwhile, Drs. J. R.Kewley, Starkey and J.H. Besharron held the rank of Instructor from1891 to 1893. The department, in 1894, was comprised of Professors Jones,Starkey and Henry Gradle (who was given the remarkable title of Professorof General Etiology and Hygiene and Clinical Ophthalmology and Otology),and as Instructors in Clinical Pathology, Drs. William A. Mann andC. P. Pinckard. In 1895, the name of Dr. A. M. Hall was added and, in 1896,that of Dr. Paul Guilford.The College of Physicians and Surgeons of Chicago, later to become theCollege of Medicine of the University of Illinois, did not open its doorsuntil 1882. While three years of instruction were recommended, only twoyears were required. The catalogue of 1883 lists "a full course of lectures,didactic and clinical on diseases of the eye and each member of the graduat-
.Ophthalmology 265ing class will be instructed in the use of the ophthalmoscope." Dr. John E.Harper was in charge, listed as Professor of Ophthalmology and ClinicalDiseases of the Eye, later (1883-87) as Professor of Ophthalmology amiOtology, still later (1888-91) as Professor of Diseases of the Eye and ClinicalOphthalmology, and finally, in 1900, Professor of Ophthalmology andClinical Ophthalmology. This variation of titles indicates some of thebetween ophthalmologychanging concepts, especially as to the affiliationand otology. Dr. Boerne Bettman was Lecturer in Ophthalmology and Otologyfrom 1883 to 1886, and then followed Dr. Harper as Professor in 1891.When the latter returned to the faculty in 1898, both were listed with therank of Professor until 1900, when Dr. Bettman's name no longer appeared.From 1882 to 1886, Drs. Harper and Bettman seem to have constituted theentire department, not only of ophthalmology but also otology. In 1887,with Dr. Bettman gone, Dr. G. Erwin Brinckerhoff was given his post asLecturer, and Dr. J. B. Loring was listed as an attending physician in theEye and Ear Department of the Dispensary where he remained for a numberof years. Others to be added to the Dispensary staff during this timewere Drs. H. M. Martin, H. B. Williams, W. E. Gamble and Oscar Dodd.The latter two, together with Dr. Loring, were made Clinical Instructorsin 1893, and Dr. Gamble was named Adjunct Professor of Ophthalmologyin1900. In that same year Dr. Casey A. Wood was listed as Professor ofClinical Ophthalmology.Early Postgraduate Training inOphthalmologyVery little opportunity was offered in Illinois, and none outside Chicago,for training in ophthalmology during the 1850-1900 period. Men desiringto prepare themselves for specialization—and this meant in the fields ofophthalmology and otology, and later in the combined eye, ear, nose andthroat field—were obliged, for the most part, to go either to one of the institutionson the eastern seaboard or to Europe for postgraduate study.As far as can be determined from the records, the first internship wasestablished at the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary in 1887, whenWilliam L. Noble was appointed to serve for one year. The number ofinternships was increased from one to three in that institution in 1897,and from three to four in 1907. There was no other residency or internshipin ophthalmology in Illinois prior to 1900. 4 Short postgraduate courseswere offered occasionally by such institutions as the Chicago Policlinic,founded in 1886, with Drs. Hotz and Colburn as Professors of Ophthalmology;the Postgraduate Medical School of Chicago (1886) under Dr.W. Franklin Coleman, and the Illinois Postgraduate Medical School*A residency in ophthalmology was not established at the Cook County Hospitaluntil 1 9 1 (j
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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