History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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240 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisUntil the original Medical Practice Act was secured from the Illinoislegislature of 1876-77 and signed by Governor Shelby M. Cullom, the reportingof communicable disease was frequently neglected. It was yearslater that uniform regulations throughout the state were applied to isolation,quarantine and other measures respecting the public health.In themeantime, cities and towns were fortunate to have a single health officer,even if he served only part time.Without sanitary engineers, it is little wonder that Illinois during thisperiod had violent intestinal epidemics, for example the cholera epidemicin 1866, and that frequent typhoid fever and "summer diarrhea" outbreaksin children were common occurrences throughout the century. Althoughapparently the profession recognized a relationship between sanitationand the prevalent gastro-intestinal diseases, the Transactions of the IllinoisState Medical Society published only eight papers on public health duringa period of 50 years. Among the earliest to report were Drs. E. P. Cook andJ. C. Corbus of Mendota on scarlet fever (1870); Dr. Samuel J.Birney ofUrbana on rubeola and scarlatina (1876) and on measles (1881). Dr.Charles W. Earle of Chicago wrote a paper on "Prevailing Epidemic-Rotheln" (1881); he continued to display an intense interest in contagiousdisease problems for years, and in1892 read a paper on typhoid fever ininfancy at a meeting of the American Pediatric Society, reporting 21cases from Chicago. This was of special interest to the profession because,prior to that time, it had been contended by some that typhoid fever didnot occur in individuals under two years of age. Dr. F. M. Casal of Pittsfieldreported on measles (1881) and Dr. W. J.Chenoweth of Decatur presenteda "Report on the Prevention of Epidemics" (1883). There seem to havebeen only two papers relating to infantile paralysis published in the Transactionsduring this period; one was by Dr. Daniel R. Brower, neurologistof Rush Medical College and a practitioner in Chicago, and the other wasby Dr. W. J.Eddy of Shelbyville; both articles were presented in 1892.Dr. T. D. Fitch of Chicago wrote on the "Treatment of MembranousCroup" (1878) and Dr. Christian Fenger, the well-known Chicago surgeon,discussed tracheotomy in diphtheria in 1880, three years before the discoveryof the Klebs-Loeffler bacillus and five years before intubation ofthe larynx was devised by O'Dwyer of New York. Dr. J.M. G. Carter ofWaukegan, a man with an extensive practice, was one of the early competentphysicians interested in typhoid fever and malaria; he discussedboth of these diseases often in the 1890's.During the period 1850 to 1900, the place of preventive medicine in themalady (smallpox) in Illinois. . . . This isolation with the aid of vaccination seems tohave stopped the spread of the disease." Dr. Fisher died in 1820.—Editor
Contagious Diseases 241field of public health had scarcely been touched. While aerial transmissionof infection among the so-called common contagious diseases seems to havebeen accepted as an undisputed fact, no mention of medical aseptictechnicin the prevention and control of acute infectious diseases is found in theliterature of the time. Smallpox was the only disease against which it waspossible to establish an artificial active immunity. Even so, there has neverbeen a compulsory vaccination law in the State of Illinois, and long aftei1900 there were still many people who apparently chose smallpox in preferenceto vaccination. Nor was there any law then which required the useof silver nitrate in the eyes at birth to forestall the possibility l ophthalmianeonatorum. The number of children who lost their sight in those dayswill probably newer be known but it was considerable.Looking back through the years when contagious diseases ran rife, it isnot so surprising that the death rates were high as it is remarkable that sogreat apercentage of children reached adult life.Epidemic DiseasesActive immunization against diphtheria did not come into general practiceuntil many years after Theobald Smith, Chief of the United StatesBureau of Animal Industry, reported on his studies in immunity. In themeantime, diphtheria continued to be one of the chief causes of death inchildren. At times entire families were wiped out by it. Fatality ratesoften ranged from 40 per cent upward. Diphtheria antitoxin was not discoveredby Behring until 1890 and was not freely available in Illinois before1900.From time to time during the last century, scarlet fever occurred infcraves of virulent and mild epidemics. After a prolonged quiescence earlyin the century, the virulent form appeared in 1830. It continued for morethan 40 years to be one of the leading causes of death in children, and formore than 25 years into the 20th century it still continued to present manyserious problems.Before 1900, the etiologic factor in scarlet fever was a matter of dispute.When it was finally recognized that streptococci were constantly presentin the disease, the contention was that these organisms accounted for thecomplications but were not responsible for the original infection; that theywere, in fact, secondary invaders. Not until the work of Drs. George F. andGladys H. Dick in1924 in Chicago was a specific hemolytic streptococcusconclusively established as the causative agent of scarlet fever.Toward the close of the nineteenth century, kidney and heart complicationsin scarlet fever were greatly feared. Suppurative otitis media occurredin at least 14 per cent of the cases and was frequently followed by mastoiditisand death. Lateral sinus thrombosis and at times meningitis also
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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CHAPTER XIVDERMATOLOGYBy B.BARKER B
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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524IndexParkes, Dr. Charles T., 181
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