History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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346 History of Medical Practice in Illinoiscan re-gery has been changed by the work of Lister and his coworkers. Imember my first season as house surgeon, in one of the largest and newestof the Western hospitals (Cook County Hospital), when throughout thatlong and, to me, sad season, scarcely one patient was submitted to anymajor or semiserious operation who did not die of blood poisoning. I sawmen die after what seemed to me even minor operations. Scarcely a patiententered the hospital with a compound fracture whose doom was not sealed.Tracheotomy was a useless performance; trephining was interesting as aspectacle, but useless as a resource. Even internal urethrotomy became afatal procedure; and so throughout the list. This was in the years of grace1876 and 1877."According to the printed records, the pioneers in antiseptic surgery inChicago were Edmund Andrews, who said that he had devised means somewhatsimpler than Lister's "rather complex methods," Henry Banga, EdwinPowell and Christian Fenger. Henry Banga, a Swiss physician from Basel,where he had applied the antiseptic treatment of compound complicatedfracture, with brilliant results, came to Chicago in 1876 and according toHolinger "introduced antisepsis in Chicago and the West." In 1878 Bangawrote that "union by first intention is the rule (in kolpoperineoplasty) ifthe operator observes the principles long established for that purpose,particularly if the antiseptic treatment be carefully pursued." Goldspohnstated that antisepsis in surgery was introduced in Chicago in the CookCounty Hospital "during March 1878, by Dr. Edwin Powell, who hadobserved its use at length in the hands of its author, Joseph Lister, at King'sCollege Hospital, London." In an autobiographic sketch Fenger wrotethat in 1878 or 1879 he "introduced the antiseptic—Lister's—operativemethods" in the Cook County Hospital.It appears, then, that in Chicago as elsewhere Lister's methods weretaken up by several surgeons at about the same time. It is undoubtedly truethat, as Bayard Holmes has said, antiseptic surgery in the Cook CountyHospital could never have made the headway that it did in the 1880's hadnot the trained nurse preceded it in the hospital wards. That Chicago didnot lag much, if at all, behind other parts of the country in the matter ofsurgical antisepsis is evident from the following statement made in 1877by Robert F. Weir:"It is only lately that, in America, attention has been given practically tothe teachings of Lister in respect to the treatment of wounds. In fact, asidefrom an article by Schuffert in the New Orleans Med. & Surg. Jour., little ornothing has appeared in our medical journals relative to the results of theso-called antiseptic method. Within the past year, however, a change hasoccurred, due probably both to the interest excited by the personal expositionsof Lister at our late Medical Congress at Philadelphia, and also to
Medical Bacteriology 347the satisfactory results that have ensued from this treatment in the practiceof many German surgeons with large hospital experience."In 1879 Moses Gunn stated that many followed Listerism, being firmlyconvinced that it diminished and prevented suppuration and septicemia.And then he discussed at length the question whether suppuration was anunmitigated evil. The further developments in antisepsis were outlinedinterestingly by Edmund Andrews in 1882:"The main principles of antiseptic surgery have been approved by themajority of American surgeons. Strict Listerism, however, by which I mean,an adherence to all Lister's peculiar methods, is not generally accepted. Ihave recently instituted some inquiries on the subject in Chicago, Philadelphia,and New York, with the following results:In Chicago, we generallybelieve in the principles of antisepticism, but we adopt numerous variationsin the methods of application, and do not servilely follow Lister'sdetails."Then came Koch's discovery of the tubercle bacillus. His announcementwas made on March 24, 1882. Fortunately a young Chicago physician ofexceptional ability and scientific interests, William T. Belfield (1856-1919),who obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine at Rush Medical College in1877, was in Vienna at that time, and he promptly reported Koch's announcementand the events connected with it to the Cliicago MedicalJournal and Examiner in letters dated May 3, June 3 and July 3, 1882. Onhis return to Chicago that same summer he demonstrated the tuberclebacillus in the Cook County Hospital and to the Chicago PathologicalSociety. He emphasized the clinical value of examining the sputum fortubercle bacilli. On a certain occasion twenty-two specimens were submittedto him for examination, and he found tubercle bacilli in all ofthem; twenty of the specimens came from patients with phthisis and twofrom patients with chronic bronchitis. Bayard Holmes graphically describeda demonstration by Belfield:"One day during this summer course(1882) there was a notice on thebulletin board that Dr. W. T. Belfield would perform an autopsy and givea lecture on tuberculosis at the County Hospital Morgue. As I had a medicalstudent's ticket for the County Hospital that cost me five dollars, I wasprivileged to go. Dr. Belfield had lately returned from Europe, and hadwritten a wonderful book on genito-urinary diseases, the early chaptersof which had fascinated me. (There is a mistake here because Belfield didnot publish any book on genito-urinary diseases until 1884.) The morguewas in the rear of the County Hospital, and the autopsy amphitheatre wasabove the dead house. We climbed a narrow flight of stairs and came downinto the close seats where our knees punched the men in front of us in thesmall of the back. The place smelled horribly, and this was my first autopsy.
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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114 History of Jiledical Practice i
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History of Medical Practice in Illi
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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