History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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348 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisThe amphitheatre was soon full and as it was a hot day in May the place wasstifling. The emaciated corpse was brought in on a stretcher and dumpedon the revolving copper autopsy table. One of the County Hospital internesbegan to cut open the chest and abdomen as Dr. Belfield recited the historyof the patient and the physical antemortem findings. The examination ofthe sputum was particularly accented and students were invited to comedown into the arena and see the newly discovered Bacillus tuberculosis ofKoch. Then the manner of staining was actually demonstrated upon thesqueezings from the lungs of the cadaver, which had now been silentlyautopsied by the interne. As my memory serves me this was the most concise,complete, and convincing pathological lecture I have ever heard. It remainsin the foreground of my mind wherever tuberculosis is called to my attention."Dr. Belfield had not then been combatted long enough to arouse hissubsequent manner of discussion, which was often cynical and ironical.But to me his manner has always been intelligible and explicable. He wasa medical scout who brought disagreeable news to those who did not wishto change their minds, and were satisfiedwith the hereditary factor onwhich they explained their etiologic theory of tuberculosis."In February 1883 Belfield gave the Cartwright Lectures in New YorkCity, on the relations of micro-organisms to disease. These lectures werepublished in the Medical Record and reprinted in book form. This bookwas well received. I now quote from a review signed H. G. (HenryGradle?)."While these lectures can hardly introduce a student fully into our presentknowledge of bacteria, they serve admirably to place the topic in alucid and comprehensive way before physicians partly acquainted withthe details. When we reflect upon the amount of prejudice the germ theoryencounters in this country, it seems proper, that the lecturer should haveassumed a polemic, and even an aggressive tone. Although this style maynot help to conciliate his opponents, it cannot be said that Dr. Belfield isunjust in his remarks. Sarcasm is one of the best weapons against ignorance,especially, when so well put as in these lectures."In his discussion of endocarditis, it seems that Belfield had forgotten hisown report of Fenger's demonstration of cocci in endocarditis before theChicago Pathological Society in 1879. Belfield was inclined to speak ratherslightingly of Pasteur and of Klebs. Of Pasteur he said that the hasty andsometimes erroneous conclusions which Pasteur had published "illustratethe inability of his judgment to cope with his imagination." It is reasonableto assume that Belfield had not escaped the influence of the prejudicethen prevalent in Germany against Pasteur's work. Belfield evaluated thediscovery of the tubercle bacillus as follows:
Medical Bacteriology 349"Indeed, with all due honor to Koch, and admiration for the most brilliantof experimental researches, we must admit that the discovery of thebacillus has chiefly an anatomical value: it localized in this organism theinfectious principle which had long been known to exist; it enables us todistinguish— ante- and post-mortem— infectioustuberculosis from inflammation,tubercular or other, due to other causes; but it does not as yet explainthe hereditary predisposition, nor why this infection occurs in oneman and not in another exposed to the same influences."Lantern slides of the photomicrographs used to illustrate the CartwrightLectures were shown to the Chicago Medical Society by Belfield onApril 16, 1883. Among them were illustrations of Actinomyces, and soonafterward he reported the finding of actinomycosis in cattle at the Chicagostockyards. Some years before he had demonstrated trichinae in hogs anddescribed migration of leukocytes in passive hyperemia. In the fall of 1883Belfield was appointed attending surgeon in the department of genitourinarydiseases in the Central Free Dispensary (Rush Medical College),and thenceforth he devoted himself mainly to work in this specialty, inwhich he rose to distinction. In 1891, however, he accepted appointment asprofessor of bacteriology in Rush Medical College, and during the nextten years he gave an annual course of lectures on bacteriology in its relationsto practical medicine and surgery. As a textbook he recommendedAbbott's Bacteriology. He did not introduce any practical work in connectionwith his lectures, and in1894 a separate laboratory course was establishedin the college under the direction of George H. Weaver.In 1883 another young Chicago physician, Henry Gradle (1855-1911),on his return after a period of study abroad, where he worked with Koch,also published a book on bacteria in relation to disease. This book wasbased on eight lectures by the author at the Chicago Medical College (nowNorthwestern University School of Medicine), where he had received hismedical education, graduating in 1874, and was professor of physiologyand hygiene from 1881 to 1895. From 1895 to 1906 he was professor ofophthalmology in the same school. The two books by Belfield and Gradleas well as the one by Black, which will be discussed later,are among theearliest books on bacteria and "the germ theory of disease" in English.Gradle's book gives an excellent summary of the knowledge of bacteria indisease at that time. As stated in the review of the book "the subject is systematicallyand thoroughly dealt with from beginning to end, but, whilecriticism is freely employed, it is, nevertheless, so fairly done and is so freefrom all personality, that the writer can not be accused of undue prejudice,although it is clearly evident that he is inclined to adopt the most advancedviews with regard to the etiology of the diseases which are discussed." Itnoteworthy that Gradle's book was translated into Japanese in 1887 by T.is
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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114 History of Jiledical Practice i
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History of Medical Practice in Illi
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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524IndexParkes, Dr. Charles T., 181
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History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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