History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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260 History of Medical Practice in Illinoisirritation of the upper teeth." Among the new methods of treatment describedby Dr. Starkey were antipyrine for relief of pain, irrigation of theeyes with dilute sublimate solution as recommended by Dr. Hotz in apaper at the meeting of the American Medical Association in 1887, anda new ocular antiseptic, creolin. Dr. Starkey commented on the discussionby Dr. A. C. Corr of all the eye papers: "I cannot at all agree with Dr.Corr (who had recommended a strong solution of tannin in glycerine andwater) in his treatment of ophthalmia neonatorum. Ido not believe wecan discard nitrate of silver solution in these particular cases for any otherremedy that we possess ... in the terrible case of gonorrheal ophthalmia(and you will grant that this term isnot too strong when you recall thatabout one-half the blind people in the world are blind from purulentconjunctivitis). While we may control the discharge and swelling to agreat extent by antiseptics and thorough cleansing, we cannot prevent thedisease going straight through the cornea in a certain proportion of cases.We used to think the cornea necrosed because the swelling of the surroundingtissues cut off its blood supply but cases . . . have led me to concludethat the specific poison (the gonococcus if you will) acts directly and destructivelyupon the cornea. ... It has been demonstrated that by properprecautions the occurrence of ophthalmia neonatorum can be almost entirelyprevented. . . . The eyes should be irrigated with a 2 gram to theounce solution of silver nitrate."In 1890, Dr. Hotz read a paper on "The Nature of Eyestrain and ItsRelation to Headache and the Nervous Disorders" in which he emphasizedheterophoria as well as refractive errors. The latter were fairly wellrecognized in the profession by that date although, according to Dr.Thomas Shastid, many general practitioners of that era still refused torecognize that headaches could be produced by refractive errors in theyoung and vigorously opposed their correction with lenses, a fact whichhelped the development of the non-medical refractionist.In 1891, Dr. Corr covered a multitude of subjects in a paper with therather general title of "Little Things in Ophthalmology." He stated: "Iam quite sure that I have seen it (iritis) arise from excessive functionalactivity of the eye laboring under the disadvantage of an error of refraction."Thus, the pendulum swung to the left too far. Dr. Corr, like manymen of the period in smaller communities, did not practice the specialtyalone but combined it with a generous sprinkling of general practice. In1895, he presented two papers at the State meeting, the first on "Trachomaof the Conjunctiva, not a Disease in Itself" and the other entitled "Emasculationand Ovariotomy as a Means of Punishment and Reformation ofCriminals."Among others to present papers before the then established Section on
Ophthalmology 261Surgery and Surgical Specialties of this Society during the last decade ofthe 19th century were Drs. William H. Wilder, A. L. Adams, Lyman Ware,A. E. Prince, J. E. Colburn and Boerne Bettman.Comment has been made of the fact that early ophthalmologists alwayscombined their specialty with otology or with a combination of ear, noseand throat, and it seems certain that even in Chicago there was added acertain amount of general practice. According to Dr. Casey Wood, Dr. E. J.Gardiner was the first in Chicago to limit himself strictly to the eye andear. There seems to be some doubt as to who was the first man in Illinoisto confine himself to ophthalmology exclusively. Dr. Cassius Wescott maywell have been the first although, according to the transactions of theIllinois State Medical Society for 1893, he discussed a paper on lacerationsof the rectum and described his experiences with this rather nonophthalmologiccondition.The first textbook of an ophthalmologic nature published in the State ofIllinois appears to have been one entitled "Ophthalmic Surgery and Treatment,with Advice on the Use and Abuse of Spectacles" by John Phillips,published by the Western New Company in 1869. The author is listed asoptician and oculist, without the inclusion of an M.D. degree. In the prefacehe pays tribute to "my friend Dr. Lord of Springfield, who has greatlyassisted me by many suggestions, during keeping the Infirmary for fouryears at Springfield; also to Dr. J. B. Walker, Dr. Ralls Smith, and Dr.Underwood of Chicago, who have greatly assisted me in many importantsuggestions, during keeping the Infirmary twelve years in Chicago. Also toDr. David Prince, Jacksonville, Illinois." This would indicate that "Mr."Phillips or "Dr." Phillips, as he is alternately referred to, was engaged inhis activities in Springfield from 1853 to ^57 and in Chicago thereafter.The textbook appears to be quite complete for the period and intimatesthat the author practiced surgery and ocular therapeutics. The portionof the book on spectacles was reprinted in 1870 and conforms to the generalconception of the use of glasses at that time. The back cover of the reprintedpamphlet carries an advertisement of "Dr. John Phillips, Opticianand Oculist, 168 Clark Street, Chicago," offering for sale telescopes,stereoscopes, opera glasses and French artificial eyes. On the inside backcover is an advertisement of the "Eye and Ear Infirmary at 82 MadisonStreet, Dr. J.B. Walker, Operating and Consultant Surgeon," with testimonialsof patients who had been cured by the skill of Dr. Walker who"performs every operation connected with ophthalmic and aural surgery,such as for cataract, artificial pupil, cross eye, tarsal tumor, closure of thetear duct," etc.In the body of the pamphlet are testimonials offered byDr. Phillips as an "introduction to those to whom he is at present unknown."These include a number of Illinois physicians, among them Dr.
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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524IndexParkes, Dr. Charles T., 181
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3526IndexReed, Dr. Carlos I., 403Re
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5 s8 IndexStrong, Dr. R. M., Histor
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