History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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282 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisSpecialized hospitals did not appear until the 19th century and specialdepartments of general hospitals came after them. The first special hospitalin England was Moorfields, founded in 1805, for the care of the eye andear. The founder of Moorfields was John Cunningham Saunders (1773-1810), whose work "The Anatomy of the Human Ear, with a Treatise onDiseases of that Organ," illustrated by beautiful engravings, was publishedin 1806.In all accepted practice in the nineteenth century, the eye and the earwere considered in association with one another in the specialist's role. Assuch it was common practice to do both. Held as an associated specialtyalso was laryngology and diseases of the chest,and not infrequently, diseasesof children and ear, nose and throat diseases. That is why the departmentaland catalogue listings of medical colleges were so frequently altered.It is obvious that many of the men identified with these specialties wereso by choice and convenience and not always by training or adequate preceptorships.Specialization came in for its share of the limelight in a paper by H. R.Guthrie of Sparta, Illinois on "Medical Education" (Trans, of the 111.State Med. Soc. 1885, page 269). Pertinent remarks included "From thewant of breadth and depth in our curriculum we, as one of the necessaryresults, are fostering specialism." He quoted Mr. Gladstone, the greatpremier of England on "the injurious effects of separating a part from thewhole" when he said, "The besetting danger of our age is what is calledthe division of labor in the world of industrial production, and specialismin the field of medicine. These are excellent things in their way, but theyhave a tendency to dwarf and narrow the mind, which needs exercise for itsfaculties." Guthrie also quoted from an address by Professor Hodgen beforethe American Medical Association in 1881, "Still it cannot be denied thatthe early and exclusive study of the affections of a part, and that often avery small part of the body, has a tendency to narrow the intellectual grasp,and to cramp the powers of the man who yields to the influences incident tosuch partial and one-sided training. In the best sense, a specialist is a physicianand something more; in the worst, and I fear the too frequent realizationof specialism, he is something else, and something less than a physician."The Medical Colleges and OtolaryngologyWhile the annual catalogue of Rush Medical College for the session of1849-50 lists such operations performed before the class as extirpation oftonsils, and a plastic operation for a deformity of the nose, and perforationof the tympanic membrane, at a time when the population of Chicagonumbered over 23,000, there existed no department of ear, nose and throat.In 10 years the catalogue listed opportunities students had to observe
Otolaryngology 283removal of enlarged tonsils in 3 cases, a polyp of the ear, and .} cases of nasalpolyps. By 1867 there was a lecturer on the Diseases of the Eye and Ear, Dr.Edward L. Holmes (later to become Professor) and clinics were listed atthe Chicago Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary "which has been enlargedand furnished with all of the conveniences necessary for patients withdiseases of these organs." E. Fletcher Ingals was Assistant to the Professorof Materia Medica in1872 and two years later had a catalogue listing of"Diseases of the Chest and Physical Diagnosis." Roosa's von Troeltsch wasthe otologic reference book at Rush in 1872 as contained in its 32nd annualannouncement. (A Practical Treatise on the Diseases of the Ear, includingthe Anatomy of the Organ, by D. B. St. John Roosa, M.l). Publishedby William Wood & Co., New York City, 1873.)The very next year the format changed and the catalogue read Universityof Chicago, including Rush Medical College and Union College ofLaw. In 1880 Holmes was still Professor of Diseases of Eye and Ear and waslisted for clinics at the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary on Peoriaand Adams where 1600 patients were observed and 270 operations wereperformed. At the Central Free Dispensary, Dr. Ingals on Diseases of theChest and Throat and Dr. W. T. Montgomery in the Eye and Ear werelisted for weekly clinics. Dr. Ingals gave demonstrations on "The Use of theLaryngoscope in the Recognition of Diseases of the Larynx" and by 1883was listed as Professor of Laryngology, this being under the head of "SpecialDepartments." In 1884 the Presbyterian Hospital was completed withDrs. E. L. Holmes and Lyman Ware as attending ophthalmic and auralsurgeons, and John A. Robison as attending physician for Diseases ofthe Throat. Dr. Ingals had a book listed on "Physical Diagnosis" in the1882 catalogue and one in 1887 on "Diseases of the Chest, Throat andNasal Cavities."The 47th annual Rush Medical Catalogue of 1888 bore the caption of"The Medical Department of the Lake Forest University." By 1891, E. L.Holmes was not only still in the Eye and Ear saddle but was also a memberof the Board of Trustees and President of Rush Medical College andE. Fletcher Ingals was a member of the Board as well as Professor of Laryngology(in 1892) and Practice of Medicine, and the following year he wasProfessor of Laryngology and Diseases of the Chest. He was assisted byDoctors John Edwin Rhodes, J. J.Tuthill, C. J.Whalen, and H. B.Hemenway. In 1894 E. Fletcher Ingals took on the additional duties ofRegistrar and by that year the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmaryhad seen 5,000 patients a year and performed about 1000 operations. Rushwas not affiliated with the University of Chicago until 1898.The first annual announcement of the Hahnemann Medical Collegeand Hospital of Chicago in i860 stated "The student must be drilled in
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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