History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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212 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisThis, however, did not affect the woman's social status in any serious way.the menial andA common impression prevails in modern times thathard work of tilling the soil and harvesting the crops was put upon womenbecause it was beneath the dignity of the men who were hunters and warriors.This isfar from the truth. The sowing of seed by women was supposedto render such seed more fertile and the earth more productive thanif planted by men, for it was believed that women have and control thefaculty of reproduction and increase. Hence, sowing and cultivating cropsbecame one of the exclusive departments of women's work.As among other primitive peoples, the menstruating woman was consideredunclean by the Indians and was required to wear certain wellmarked colors during the continuance of the period when she mingledwith others. Also the connection with the moon was noted as among otherpeoples, since the Indian speaks of a woman menstruating as having "moonin the ass." It is obvious that these savages were shrewd in decreeing thatmenstruating women should stay in a separate hut, do no work, rest, andavoid exposure to cold or exertion. Especially were they kept away frommen.Menstruation among the Indians began between the ages of 11 and 14years, or somewhat earlier in the southern climates. Breast developmentbegan at about the age of 12 and was completed at 18 years. At the time ofthe first menstruation, a ceremonial feast was held at which relatives andfriends congratulated the maiden and her parents on the dawn of herwomanhood.The period of gestation was the same for Indian and white races, butmarriage was entered into earlier, as a rule, in the former. Few Indiangirls over 18 or men over 22 years of age remained unmarried. Families ofsix to nine children were average. Twins were relatively common buttriplets were very rare.Indian women were considered unclean during the puerperium and toa different degree during the time they continued to have a lochial flow,either rubra or alba.Confinement among many tribes took place in a specially constructedshelter; this was about 8 feet in diameter and was made of boughs supplementedby strips of canvas or skins during seasons when leafy boughs werenot available. The structure was destroyed after labor. In some instancesa more pretentious building was erected which was used by all the womenof the tribe during labor; this may have been the first lying-in hospital. Inpreparation for labor, two trenches about 10 to 14 inches wide were dug.One contained hot stones over which the parturient squatted (sterility),and the other was used for the disposal of excreta (avoidance of contamination).In this way exposure to infection was minimized. It was customary
Obstetrics and Gynecology 213to build these lying-in quarters in the vicinity of running water when possible.This provided an opportunity for the puerpera to bathe herself andher baby soon after delivery with a minimum danger of infection sincerunning water tends to sterilize itself. Hemorrhage was treated in sometribes by squirting cold water on the abdomen or immersing the patient inrunning water.Nursing was started anywhere from the first to the fourth day and wascontinued for one or two years. Castor bean juice was rubbed on the breastto stimulate milk flow. Asafoetida or charcoal was applied to the breastwhen the baby was weaned. The Indians knew nothing of breast infectionsor milk fever.Transverse presentations were among the most serious complications oflabor in the Indian women, usually ending fatally due to uterine rupture.The outcome was accepted philosophically by the Indians who blamed themalposition on the baby and assumed that, because it was so evil, the tribewas better off than if it had been born alive and developed into a troublemakerin its later life.Early ageing of Indian women was not characteristic. Little was knownof the age at which the menopause occurred because few Indian womenknew their age.The facts regarding Indian obstetrics are difficult to ascertain becausethere is extreme reticence on the part of the Indians to discuss these subjectswith white people. White doctors are rarely called in to assist, evenin serious cases.The Rise of Specialization in Obstetrics and GynecologyIn order to understand the specific problems that confronted the earlypractitioners, one must view the general field of medicine of that period.Nothing was known about bacteriology as such and its relationship tothe practice of medicine. Organisms were known to exist, but their significancein obstetric and gynecologic problems was just beginning to besensed by pioneer thinkers like Oliver Wendell Holmes in 1843 an
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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i3 Zvibxxtt to Br. 30. 3L ©abteTHI
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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History of Medical Practice in Illi
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XIVDERMATOLOGYBy B.BARKER B
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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524IndexParkes, Dr. Charles T., 181
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3526IndexReed, Dr. Carlos I., 403Re
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5 s8 IndexStrong, Dr. R. M., Histor
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History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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