History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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37° History of Medical Practice in Illinoisand better knowledge, instruction, insight, learning, and experience in the science,and faculty of surgery."^A special "charter for anatomies" was granted to the College of Physiciansof London by Queen Elizabeth in 1564; it provided that four bodies ofexecuted felons be annually delivered to that organization for anatomizing.A century later, Charles II (in 1663) increased the yearly quota ofbodies to six and directed in addition that after they have been anatomizedthe remains should be "decently buried."In his excellent account of the history of the Anatomy laws in NewEngland, Professor Waite, already cited, shows how some phases ofstatutory law (i.e. the expressed declaration of the will of the legislature)were derived from common law (i. e. springing from the "accumulation ofprecedents, such as an act of a magistrate or a judge to which no objectionwas made by higher authority"). Blackstone, in his "Commentaries," wrote:"In every atrocious crime" judges were permitted to superadd "other instancesof terror, pain and disgrace such as in murder,public dissection."This procedure under common law became Englishstatutory law in 1752, in the reign of George II, when Parliament proclaimed"An Act for better preventing the horrid Crime of Murder,"which made the penalty of dissection mandatory, though "a power isallowed to the judge upon good and sufficient cause to respite the executionand relax the other restraints of the act." Its preamble said: "Whereasthe horrid crime of murder has been more frequently perpetrated thanformerly and whereas it is thereby become necessary thatsome further terror and peculiar infamy be added to the punishment ofdeath"If the murderer was executed in the City of Londonor in the County of Middlesex, his body should be conveyed immediately,according to the dictate of the statute, to the hall of the Surgeons' Companyto be anatomized. Penalties were provided for any attempt to prevent dissection.If the execution took place outside the county, any surgeon willingwas to do the dissection; otherwise the body was to be buried.Thus, both precedent and English law sanctioned dissection in our country'scolonial epoch, and the public took no objection to private lessons inAnatomy if conducted on executed criminals. Even post-mortem examinationof prominent persons to benefit medical knowledge was permitted,for there is the report of Dr. Johannes Kerfbyle who autopsied GovernorSlaughter of New York in 1690. 14 Sixty years later (1750), Drs. John Bardand Peter Middleton of New York City injected and dissected the bodyof Hermanus Carroll, a murderer, "for the instruction of the young menu Hartwell, E. M.: The Hindrance to Anatomical Study in the United States, includinga Special Record of the Struggles of our Early Anatomical Teachers. Annals of Anat. andSurg. Brooklyn, New York, vol. Ill, 1881, p. 209-225.
History of Anatomy Laws in Illinois 371then engaged in the study of medicine." Thomas Cadwalader (1708-1779),a pupil of Cheselden, was the first to give such anatomical demonstrationsin Philadelphia in 1751 for the enlightenment of the city's physicians.Dr. Thomas Wood in 1752 announced in New York papers that "a courseof osteology and myology (would be given) in the city of New Brunswick,New Jersey." In 1754, William Hunter, a relative of the famous Hunters(John and William) in England, gave a series of public lectures at Newport,Rhode Island, on human and Comparative Anatomy. In 1762,William Shippen advertised, in the Pennsylvania Gazette, his anatomicallectures "at 5 pistoles each" and invited to them "any gentlemen whoincline to see the subjects prepared for the lectures and learn the art ofdissecting, injection, etc." for which they "are to pay 5 pistoles more."Shippen's course appears to have been the immediate forerunner of theorganization of the medical school at Pennsylvania College in1765. Soon,enthusiastic young physicians elsewhere fathered similar institutions inconjunction with various literary colleges, largely patterned after theEnglish. The medical school of King's College (now Columbia University)in New York City was established in 1768; of Harvard College in Cambridge,Massachusetts, in 1783; of Dartmouth College, New Hampshire, in1797; of the University of Maryland, in Baltimore, in 1807; of the Collegeof the City of New York, in1807; of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut,in 1810; of Brown University, in Providence, Rhode Island, in1811; the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Western District ofNew York, at Fairfield, in 1812; Transylvania University, in Lexington,Kentucky, in 1817; Castleton Medical College, in Vermont, in 1819;Bowdoin College, in Portland, Maine, in 1820.The fundamental and foremost problem confronting all medical schoolsright at their start was the teaching of Anatomy and how to procure asufficient number of human bodies for dissection. As in England and otherparts of Europe, so in this country before the enactment of state lawsgiving to medical colleges the remains of those dying without friends,professional "body-snatchers" were frequently employed to provide suchmaterial. The history of "grave-robbing" and the riots to which thispractice led are so well-known, no further comment is necessary here exceptas it illuminates the proclamation of decrees that directly or indirectlytouch upon the anatomy laws in Illinois.From 1765, when the house ofDr. Shippen in Philadelphia was attacked by a mob inflamed by the reportthat the churchyard had been despoiled to supply cadavers for his anatomyclass, 15 to the climax in St. Charles, Illinois, in 1849, when a medical student,John Rood, was killed and his teacher, Dr. George W. Richards,10Hartwell (ibid) speaking of Dr. Shippen's courage in continuing his Anatomy lectures,dissections and demonstrations for three years in the face of the growing animosity of the
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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114 History of Jiledical Practice i
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History of Medical Practice in Illi
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XIVDERMATOLOGYBy B.BARKER B
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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524IndexParkes, Dr. Charles T., 181
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3526IndexReed, Dr. Carlos I., 403Re
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5 s8 IndexStrong, Dr. R. M., Histor
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History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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