History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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350 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisYabe, a surgeon in the Japanese navy. That Gradle himself worked withbacteria is evident from the statements about gelatin and about the tuberclebacillus."A drawback to the gelatine soil is its low melting point, viz: 28 ° C. Inmy own experience most of the grades to be had in commerce here becamefluid at even a lower temperature in spite of accurate neutralization of anytrace of acidity present. In order to obviate this difficulty Koch has latelyused solidified blood serum."Apart from the fundamental scientific importance of Koch's work, ithas almost at once led to immediate practical results. Koch's own statement,that the bacilli are often present in the sputum of consumptives,has been confirmed by a host of other observers sothat the microscopicexamination of the sputum possesses now a decided diagnostic value. It isnecessary hence to become acquainted with the mode of demonstrating thebacilli."He himself found the bacilli in sputum from thirty-five consecutive patientswith pulmonary tuberculosis. The practical value of Koch's discoveryis pointed out also in an article on the microscopic examinationof the sputum in consumption. My friend Dr. C. W. Earle, referring to hisown efforts to stain tubercle bacilli in 1885, wrote: "For days and weeksI stained and stained (sputum from tuberculous patients) but could neverfind a tubercle bacillus. Finally I mentioned my trouble to Dr. Fenger. Hesaid 'Go see Gradle.' One day I called on him in his office with a specimen.He stained it and showed me myriads of tubercle bacilli. I never had anytrouble after that." Gradle saw early and clearly the tragic consequencesof the emptying of sewage into Lake Michigan, the source of the watersupply to Chicago. In 1886, at a meeting of the Chicago Medical Society,he recommended boiling or thorough filtrationof the water supply, especiallvbecause there were then over 5,000 cases of typhoid fever annuallyin the city and the discharges would contain typhoid bacilli.Mention must now be made of a book on the formation of poisons bymicro-organisms, published in 1884 by G. V. Black, "the father of moderndentistrv." The book contains seven lectures which he had delivered beforestudents and practitioners at the Chicago College of Dental Surgery.The first three lectures (part 1) deal with the historical aspects of the evolutionof the germ theory, and the last four lectures (part 2), with the relationsof micro-organisms to the production of disease. In an appendixBlack reviewed the bearing of dental caries on the germ theory, dwellinglargely on the work then being done in Berlin by the American dentistW. D. Miller. In this book Black revealed himself as a studious scholar,close observer and philosopher, deeply concerned with basic problems. Inhis interesting speculations he sometimes anticipated important develop-
Medical Bacteriology 351ments. Thus, in speaking of Sternberg's observations on the taking up ofbacteria by cells, he commented:"The writer, though not intending to put forward his own experimentationin this work, may say that he has also seen strong evidence of thetruth of this in tissue taken directly from man to the warmed stage of themicroscope, in which the wandering cells were found loaded with micrococci,which in many instances seemed to be destroying the cells. Some weremotionless and filled to overflowing with the organisms, with little chainsof the micrococci extending from them, while others containing but fewof the organisms exhibited their usual motions. This phenomenon mayoccasionally be demonstrated in the peculiar granulations which are sometimesfound under plates for artificial teeth, where the gums have takenon a bad condition."In another place he said:"Observations have been recorded by a number of competent observersthat go to show that the white corpuscles of the blood, the leucocytes andthe wandering cells, exert a special influence against the intrusion ofmicro-organisms. These cells appear to pick up the organisms and takethem into their interior, and I am of the opinion that in very many casesthe organisms are destroyed—digested—by the cells."In discussing the question, How can germs cause disease? he suggestedthat by their remolecularizations of matter they "form poisons of the natureof alkaloids, which are the active agents in the production of disease."His conception of resistance to infection is illustrated by the followingquotations:"Surely if the tissues are capable of forming, by reason of irritation, asecretion that will digest a piece of ivory that has been thrust into theflesh, which has been proved by direct experiment, we should expect thiskind of resistance to the development of disease producing germs. . . .The normal tissues of the animal resist the invasions of micro-organismsby throwing out, or forming a digestive body calculated to destroy themor dissipate and nullify their action;or the irritating agents given out by, the organisms."aroused thereto by the presence of,Black also published articles on bacteriologic topics; in 1887 he gavedemonstrations of bacterial cultures before the Illinois State Dental Society.Bayard Holmes (1852-1924) played a significant part in bacteriology inChicago during the years shortly after 1882. His account of Belfield'sdemonstration of the tubercle bacillus inthe Cook County Hospital inthe summer of 1882 has been quoted in extenso. Holmes was then aboutto begin to study medicine in the Chicago Homeopathic Medical College.Ihave drawn freely from his lively account of medical education in Chi-
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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i„r»-l ll'urlnllli• A i!.n»Ut
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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1 12 History of Medical Practice in
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114 History of Jiledical Practice i
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History of Medical Practice in Illi
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CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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524IndexParkes, Dr. Charles T., 181
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3526IndexReed, Dr. Carlos I., 403Re
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5 s8 IndexStrong, Dr. R. M., Histor
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