History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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266 History of Medical Practice in Illinois(1896) with Drs. Boerne Bettman, William L. Noble and G. F. Hawley.In 1897, the Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital was incorporatedwith postgraduate outpatient teaching, but no hospital facilities wereacquired until1901. These institutions all specialized in turning out specialistsin record time—from three weeks on up. In its first twenty-five years,the Chicago Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital turned out over 3000 such"short term" eye, ear, nose and throat specialists. This method of trainingwould scarcely be condoned by the American Board of Ophthalmologytoday but the inadequacy of training opportunities of the era must beborne in mind. Indeed, many specialists of the day were largely self-trainedor had obtained their experience as assistant to some established ophthalmologist.The Prevention of Blindness and Care of the BlindTrachoma came early to Illinois and became rampant in certain counties,especially in southern Illinois. It was a scourge not to be eradicated untillong after 1900 when, through the instigation of the Illinois Society forthe Prevention of Blindness, trachoma clinics were established under thedirection of the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. In 1900, a studyof the incidence of trachoma in various counties as determined by thecases seen at the Infirmary between 1880 and 1900, showed that the highestincidence of hospitalized cases had come from Jasper County which, witha population of 20,160, had sent 77 cases, an incidence of 0.382 per centas compared to 0.013 per cent for Cook County. Aside from WinnebagoCounty at the northern border of the state, which had an incidence of0.167 P er cent » the disease was most widespread in the southern half of thestate. 5 The story of the control of this affliction is fascinating and dramatic,but it belongs largely to the 1900-1950 period, as does the account of theprevention of ophthalmia neonatorum.The Illinois School for the Blind at Jacksonville was opened on June 5,1848, as the Illinois Institution for the Education of the Blind. Theeleventh such school in the United States, it was at first privately supportedby gifts from citizens of Jacksonville and Morgan County. The instigator,who served as the first Principal, was Samuel Bacon, then twenty-six yearsof age and blind since the age of twelve. On his way to visit relatives inGalena from his home in Cortland, Ohio, he stopped off to visit the newinstitution in Jacksonville (the State Asylum for the Deaf and Dumb)under the misapprehension that it was a school for the blind. Dauntlesslyhe remained there to organize such a school. In 1849, tne new school wastaken over by the State of Illinois and, in 1905, the name was changed to5For a different approach to the trachoma problem, the reader is referred to Chapter IIin this Volume.—Editor
the Illinois School for the Blind. From 1849 toOphthalmology 267igoo, the school cared forapproximately 1720 blind people. In 1853, students were admitted betweenthe ages of 12 and 30, but by 1896 the age limits had been changed to between6 and 21 years. It has always been the aim of this institution to turnout "well-rounded individuals" with a literary education through the highschool level and with training in dexterity in handling tools. Music hasalways been emphasized. Prior to1890, eye care for the students was providedby general physicians. In 1890, Dr. A. E. Prince was appointed ConsultingOculist, a position he held for two years, followed by Dr. A. L.Adams, who held this appointment from 1892 to 1949.Early Ophthalmologists in ChicagoDr. Edward L. Holmes G was born in Dedham, Massachusetts, in 1828.After graduating from Harvard College in 1849, he taught Latin, Greek,French and mathematics at the Roxbury Latin School for a short periodand then entered Harvard Medical School, from which institution hereceived his M.D. degree in1854. After a year as surgical resident at theMassachusetts General Hospital, he went to Paris and Vienna for postgraduatestudy in ophthalmology and otology. For a year and a half hewas exposed to the influence of Helmholz, Virchow and von Graefe, andreturned to America to begin practice in Chicago in 1857, the year inwhich von Graefe discovered iridectomy for glaucoma.Dr. Holmes is credited with the founding of the Illinois Charitable Eyeand Ear Infirmary which he established in 1858 as a one room eye and eardispensary, maintained largely at his own expense. In 1862, the ChicagoCharitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, as it then became known, was moved to28 North Clark Street. The third annual report of the Infirmary showedthat for the year prior to May 1861, 288 patients had been under treatment,with a total of 580 patients treated since the founding in 1858. TheIllinois legislature gave the Infirmary a special charter on February 16,1865, and, in 1867, appropriated $5000 a year for two years for the treatmentof such indigent patients of Illinois as desired treatment. This appropriationwas renewed in 1869, but by the Constitution of 1870, stateaid to private institutions was illegal. In the following year, 1871, thestate legislature by special act took title to the Infirmary with the namechanged to the Illinois Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. An additionto the building had been constructed in 1869 at the cost of $6000, sub-•Dr. Rudolph Holmes, son of Dr. Edward L. Holmes, became a prominent Chicagoobstetrician and gynecologist. Upon his death, he left a trust fund under the directionof the Institute of Medicine of Chicago, establishing an annual memorial award inhonor of his father for significant contributions to medicine, especially in ophthalmology,and preferably to investigators under 35 years of age. The first award was made March 1,1954, to Dr. Arnall Patz for experimental] work in retrolental fibroplasia.
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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Editor's Forewordxvand 650 he comme
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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12 History of Medical Practice in I
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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Medical Geography of Illinois 23Cha
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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Page 306 and 307: CHAPTER XIIIOTOLARYNGOLOGYBy ALFRED
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Page 340 and 341: CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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