History of medical practice in Illinois - Bushnell Historical Society

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244 History of Medical Practice in IllinoisBefore the end of the 19th century, measures for the control of the commoncontagious diseases were largely ineffective. Chief reliance was placedon quarantine which, as a rule, was totally inadequate. Treatment for themost part was symptomatic: confinement to bed, laxatives or cathartics,and fever prescriptions, which were likely to include quinine, seemed tobe customary measures for any or allacute contagions. Special stress wasplaced on the value of calomel early in the treatment. For patients withthroat infections, including scarlet fever, diphtheria and measles, a flaxseed poultice about the neck was popular for alleviating symptoms. Camphoratedoil was commonly used as a remedy for pneumonia and also foi"membranous croup;" usually the oil was rubbed on the chest and thencovered with a flannel bandage. For some of the eruptive diseases, patientswere placed in warm baths, and then removed and wrapped in blankets forthe purpose of "bringing out the rash."The health of the nation as a whole was reflected in the situation as itexisted in Illinois. The transmissible diseases, with the exception of smallpox,were practically uncontrollable because there were no methods foractive immunization and because sanitary measures for prevention had notyet been developed. Morbidity and mortality rates for the contagiousdiseases often reached great heights. But the progress in every field ofmedicine which was to be made in the years ahead would never have beenpossible without the basic foundations laid by the men of science duringthe last half of the 19th century. This is emphasized by the remarks ofSimon Flexner in 1938 in an address entitled "A Half Century of AmericanMedicine" in which he singled out the years of 1880 to 1890 as "the mostwonderful" for the following reasons: In 1880 Laveran discovered themalaria parasite; Koch in 1882 discovered the tubercle bacillus, Klebs in1883 the diphtheria organism, and Pasteur in 1885 developed rabies vaccine.Ross demonstrated the mosquito as the vector of malaria in 1898,and Reed found that yellow fever was transmitted in a similar manner.Specific methods of prophylaxis for common contagious diseases did notcome into practical use until after 1900.
CHAPTER XIPEDIATRICSBy ARCHIBALD L. HOYNE, M.D.*THEfirst mention of special instruction in diseases of children inIllinois appeared in the published announcement (about 1843) thatDr. Moses L. Knap]) had been appointed Professor of Obstetrics and Diseasesof Women and Children at Rush Medical College.Prior to 1900 there was a dearth of physicians who confined their practiceto pediatrics because it was customary for obstetricians to include the careof infants and children in their special fieldof medicine. That such anarrangement was to be expected was clearly shown by the titles of thefaculty members in the early days of the medical schools. The appointmentas professor of obstetrics and diseases of children was not at alleven up to the turn of the century.unusual,Until 1890, the number of hospitals in the smaller cities and towns wascomparatively few, and accommodations for the care of patients, even inChicago, were often crude. Hospitals then did not possess the confidenceof the public. Furthermore, it was many years before general hospitalsestablished departments or wards designated solely for the care of infantsand children. As a rule, mothers were delivered at home and were expectedto nurse their babies at the breast and not by means of a bottle, if the lattermethod could possibly be avoided.Pediatrics inHospitalsThe Chicago Hospital for Women and Children was established in 18651)\ Mary Thompson and at one time bore her name; she was a diligentworker for the betterment of mothers and their children. The hospital,with facilities for 14 patients, is believed to have been the first institutionin this country specifically designed and set apart for the treatment of( hildren. Its primary objective was the care of widows and children of CivilWar Veterans.In 188. j Mrs. Julia F. Porter founded the Morris Porter Memorial Hospitalin memory of her son. At that time it could accommodate 30 patients.•Dr. Hoyne Ikin 1i years served as ;i consultant in pediatrics at several hospitals,including Cook County Hospital. His work in pediatrics has heen closely allied withthe field ol contagious diseases. The reader, therefore, is referred to Chapter X of thisvolume for correlation of the two fields.—Editor245
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HISTORY OFMEDICAL PRACTICEIN ILLINO
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PREFACEVARIOUS members of the Illin
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Prefaceixall of its local health de
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PrefacexiDr. E. A. Piszczek, Chicag
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THEEDITOR'S FOREWORDperiod 1850 to
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xviiiXVIII.XIX.Medical Bacteriology
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CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONBy DAVID J.DAV
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Introduction 5Smillie 3 wrote on ep
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CHAPTER IIMEDICAL GEOGRAPHY OF ILLI
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Medical Geography of Illinois 9geol
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Medical Geography of Illinois 15had
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Medical Geography of Illinois 17of
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Fig. i. Places and regions in Illin
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Medical Geography of Illinois 21ref
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CHAPTER IIITHE HARDY PIONEER:HOW HE
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CHAPTER IVORGANIZATION OF THE ILLIN
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CHAPTER VIIINTERNAL MEDICINEBy GEOR
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CHAPTER XIVDERMATOLOGYBy B.BARKER B
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CHAPTER XVNEUROPSYCHIATRYBy OSCAR H
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CHAPTER XXIVMEDICAL JOURNALISM IN I
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APPENDIXMISCELLANEOUS NOTESAddition
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5ioIndexAntifebrin, 138, 139Antipyr
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5 1 * Index159, 163, 190, 284; Amer
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5HCollege of Medicine, University o
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516 IndexEpidemics, 5, 507Epileptic
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15 i8 IndexHarris, Dr. J. O., 115Ha
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5 2 ° IndexJacobson, Dr. Daniel Si
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522Index456, 457; Privately Endowed
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