Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 977Rradical [Lat. radix ‘root’]1 Speech sound classified according to its articulator (radix=root of the tongue). As arule, radicals are divided into uvulars (e.g. ) and pharyngeals (e.g. [ħ], ),depending on their place of articulation. ( also articulatory phonetics, phonetics)phonetics2 Chinese writingReferencesRain Forest BantuBanturaisingIn transformational grammar, a rule for deriving certain infinitive constructions bywhich the subject noun phrase of an embedded sentence is ‘raised’ into the subject orobject position of the matrix sentence in the transition from deep structure to surfacestructure. The rest of the sentence is marked as ‘infinitive.’ The so-called accusativeplus infinitive constructions were considered to be cases of raising in the early phases oftransformational grammar: Caroline let/heard her brother come, in which the ‘logical’ ordeep structure subject of come is raised to the ‘grammatical’ or surface structure object oflet/hear (see Postal 1974). In later theories, object raising was discarded in favor of anon-transformational analysis. Constructions with auxiliary-like expressions aredescribed as raising into the subject position: Philip seems [—to read a lot]. Whereas inconstructions with control of a logical argument of the infinitive, the matrix verb(=control verb) must have a semantic argument as ‘controller,’ it is a characteristic ofraising constructions that the grammatical subject of the matrix predicate is not thelogical subject of the matrix verb (the so-called raising verb), but only of the embeddedverb. This becomes clear in the paraphrase It seems that Philip reads a lot, in whichPhilip is not the logical argument of the raising verb seem. In the movement of quantified