Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 857paralanguageparalinguistics, kinesicsparalexemeA.J.Greimas’ term for compound words (Fr. arc-en-ciel ‘rainbow’) as opposed to noncompoundwords or simple lexemes, such as Fr. étoile ‘star.’ReferenceGreimas, A.J. 1965. La semantique structurale. Paris.paralinguisticsWithin the comprehensive science of communication, paralinguistics deals with theinvestigation of phonetic signals of non-verbal character (i.e. signals that cannot belinguistically segmented) as well as with their communicative functions. Suchparalinguistic factors are, for example, particular types of articulation and phonation(breathing, murmuring, whispering, or clearing one’s throat, crying, and coughing),individual types of language (pitch, timbre, rhythm of speech) and intonation. Adistinction can be drawn between languagespecific vs language-independent signals aswell as between language-associated vs separate signals. Many researchers include theinvestigation of non-vocal, non-verbal actions ( kinesics) in paralinguistics. ( alsonon-verbal communication, prosody)ReferencesAbercrombie, D. 1968. Paralanguage. Repr. in J. Laver and S.Hutcheson (eds), Communication inface to face interaction. Harmondsworth, 1972. 64–70.Argyle, M. 1967. The psychology of interpersonal behavior. Harmondsworth.——1969. Social interaction. London.Birdwhistell, R.L. 1954. Introduction to kinesics. Louisville, KY.Crystal, D. 1974. Paralinguistics. In T.A.Sebeok (ed.), Current trends in linguistics. The Hague.Vol. 12, 265–96.——1975. The English tone of voice: essays in intonation, prosody and paralanguage. London.Crystal, D. and R.Quirk. 1964. Systems of prosody and paralinguistic features in English. TheHague.