Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 866ReferencesBendix, E.H. 1966. Componential analysis of general vocabulary: the semantic structure of a set ofverbs in English, Hindi, and Japanese. The Hague.Bierwisch, M. 1965. Eine Hierarchie syntaktischsemantischer Merkmale. Stgr 5.29–86.Cruse, D.A. 1979. On the transitivity of the part-whole relation. JL 15. 29–38.Kiefer, F. 1966. Some semantic relations in natural language. FL 2. 228–40.ParthianIranianparticipial constructionNon-finite sentential expression composed of a participle and modifiers: Demoralizedby so many failures, he finally gave up. Participial constructions can functionsemantically as temporal, modal, or causal complements, as well as attributes. They canbe paraphrased ( paraphrase) by corresponding subordinate clauses.participle [Lat. particeps ‘having a share in,participating’]Non-finite verb form, in English the present participle and past participle: doing vsdone. Participles have properties of both nouns and verbs. In keeping with their verbalcharacter, participles govern objects and give temporal and aspectual information (tense, aspect). The present participle designates the course of a process, while the pastparticiple describes its result or effect(s). In addition, participles serve to form compoundtenses (He has come, He was coming); the past participle is also used in forming passives(The book was written). Nominal features are: (a) it can be declined as an adjective insome l anguages; (b) it forms antonyms, e.g. fitting vs unfitting, satisfied vs dissatisfied;(c) it forms compounds, such as farreaching, near-sighted; (d) it can be used bothattributively and predicatively, e.g. a much-read book vs The book is much read; (e) it isused in forming gerunds, e.g. reading books is good for you.