Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 1267vibrant (also trill)Speech sound classified according to its manner of articulation, namely intermittentarticulation through the vibration of the lower lip, the tip of the tongue, or uvula againstthe upper lip (or upper teeth), alveolar ridge, hard palate (or back of the tongue), cf. [r] inItalian ['ro:ma] Roma ‘Rome’; the fricative vibrant [r] in Czech ['dvora:k] Dvořák. Thetrilled r-sounds in Spanish, French, and German are vibrants.phoneticsReferencesVietnameseLargest Mon-Khmer language (approx. 50 million speakers), official language ofVietnam.Characteristics: tonal language (six tones); twelve vowels, also diphthongs andtriphthongs. Morphologically isolating. Word order: SVO. Numerous lexical borrowingsfrom Chinese; Chinese characters were previously used, but now a Latin alphabet withdiacritic marks for marking tone is employed.ReferencesEmeneau, M.B. 1951. Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) grammar. Berkeley, CA.Khác Viên, N. et al. 1976. Linguistic essays. Hanoi.Tompson, L.C. 1965. A Vietnamese grammar. Seattle, WA.Van Chình, T. 1970. Structure de la langue vietnamienne. Paris.visible speechProcess developed and so called by A.B.Bell as a way to make acoustic phenomenavisible through corresponding graphic recording. Acoustic signals are measured withregard to quantity (=time co-ordinate), frequency (= pitch), and intensity (=amplitude)and made visible in spectrograms. Through such graphic representations of soundstructures as they occur through time, speech sounds can be classified according to their