Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 539The elements produced in the first stage of the analysis are called immediate constituents:NP and VP are immediate constituents of S, Det and N of NP, and so on. Det, N, and Vare irreducible constituents of S. The branching nodes are called constitutes and therelation between the branching nodes and their constituents is called constituency. Theresults of an immediate constituent analysis can be presented in various ways, using atree diagram, phrase structure rules, or a box diagram. Immediate constituentanalysis is the most basic syntactic organizational principle of transformationalgrammar. The tests to justify the constituents are only necessary, but not sufficient, forto justify a constituent structure it must be proven that it is necessary for the formulationof syntactic processes.ReferencesBloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York.Harris, Z.S. 1962. String analysis of sentence structure. The Hague.Hockett, C.F. 1958. A course in modern linguistics. New York.Postal, P.M. 1964. Constituent structure: a study of contemporary models of syntactic description.Bloomington, IN.Wells, R.S. 1947. Immediate constituents. Lg 23.71–117.Immediate dominance/linear precedenceformat (abbrev. ID/LP format)A grammatical format proposed by Gazdar and Pullum for Generalized PhraseStructure Grammar. This format contains separate types of rules to describe immediatedominance and linear precedence. (a) The hierarchical relationships in tree diagrams aredetermined by immediate dominance rules. Such ID rules are unordered phrasestructure rules which express nothing about the order of the daughter constituents. In thenotation of ID rules, the absence of linear ordering is indicated by commas between thecategorial symbols on the right-hand side of the rule, e.g. VP→V, NP, PP. (b) The order