Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 853Bhatia, T. 1988. Panjabi. London.DictionariesBailey, T.G. 1919. An English-Panjabi dictionary. (Repr. Delhi 1976).Sandhi, B.S. 1982. English-Punjabi dictionary. Chandigarh.Singh, G. et al. 1981. Panjabi-English dictionary. 3rd edn. Amritsar.BibliographyKoul, O. and M.Bala. 1992. Punjabi language and linguistics: an annotated bibliography. NewDelhi.PanoanLanguage family with approx. fifty languages; postulated by Greenberg (1987).ReferencesGreenberg, J.H. 1987. Language in the Americas. Stanford, CA.Key, M.R. 1968. Comparative Cavineña phonology and notes on Pano-Tacanan relationship. TheHague and Paris.Klein, H.M. 1988. Toba. London.South American languagesPapuanCollective term for approx. 760 languages (with about 3 million speakers) in New Guineaand nearby islands; the most important language is Enga (about 150,000 speakers in thewestern highlands of Papua New Guinea). It has not yet been established whether or notall Papuan languages belong to a single group, the Indo-Pacific family, as postulated byGreenberg (1971). With a few exceptions, research on this group did not begin until the1950s. Today the first good grammars are finally available and the classification of thesestrongly diverging languages is proceeding.Characteristics: complex verbs, (marking for person, tense, aspect, mood, direction,serial verb construction, circumstances of the action, emphasis, sentence mood, etc.)