Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 1101Loukotka, Č. 1968. Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles, CA.Sebeok, T.A. 1977. Native languages of the Americas. New York.Suarez, B. 1974. South American Indian Languages. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 792–9.South Caucasian (also Kartvelian)Branch of Caucasian in the southern Caucasus with four languages: Mingrelian, Laz,Svan, and the largest language Georgian.ReferencesDeeters, G. 1930. Das khartwelische Verbum, vergleichende Darstellung des Verbalbaus der südkaukasischenSprachen. Leipzig.Harris, A.C. 1985. Diachronic syntax: the Kartvelian case. Orlando, FL.——(ed.) 1991. The indigenous languages of the Caucasus, vol. I: The Kartvelian languages.Delmar, NY.Schmidt, K.H. 1962. Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der südkaukasischenGrundsprache. Wiesbaden.Bedi Kartlisa.JournalSpanishA Romance language belonging to the Indo-European family which is spoken byapprox. 300 million speakers in Spain, Central and South America, the Canary Islands,the United States, and other countries. The basis for the standard language is the Castiliandialect, which developed from the variety of Vulgar Latin spoken in Spain during thetime of the Roman Empire. Castilian Spanish was spoken only in the northern Cantabrianprovinces until the Arabs were expelled from Spain during the ‘reconquista.’ Somecharacteristic features of Castilian Spanish include the development of [f] to [h] (possiblydue to a Basque substratum), the change of [kt] to [t∫] (Lat. factum >Sp. hecho ‘done’) aswell as the introduction of the phoneme /x/ (Lat. filius>Sp. hijo [ixo] ‘son’). The standardlanguage has a so-called ‘prepositional accusative’ for persons (Veo a Felipe ‘I seeFelipe,’ but Veo et libro ‘I see the book’); the lexicon contains numerous Arabicelements. The dialect structure of central and southern Spain (Andalucia) becameincreasingly leveled due to the influence of Castilian Spanish, while the northern regions