Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 1020into the seventeenth century. But the existence of hundreds of birch bark letters found inNovgorod suggests that there may also have been a literary tradition less tied to thechurch and Old Church Slavic. The most important literary document is the Slovo o polkuIgorevě, the ‘Lay of Igor’s Campaign’ (1185). The eighteenth century saw thedevelopment of modern Russian, in part due to the activities of Peter the Great (1672–1725), whose greatest contribution to the language was the reform of the Cyrillicalphabet through the introduction of the graždánskaja ázbuka (‘people’s alphabet’). Thelast extensive spelling reform occurred in 1917 (including loss of redundant ‹ъ› in wordfinalposition, and the loss of , > , and in all positions.Characteristics: free word stress, reduction of unstressed vowels, distinction ofpalatalized vs unpalatalized consonants, verbal categories of number and genderdistinguished in the past tense; numerous impersonal constructions; remnants of OldChurch Slavic in the lexicon: e.g. grad ‘city’ in Leningrad vs East Slavic gorod ‘city’ inNovgorod.GeneralComrie, B. 1996. The Russian language in the twentieth century. Oxford.Hamilton, W.S. 1980. Introduction to Russian phonology and word order. Columbus, OH.Isačenko, A.V. 1980–3. Geschichte der russischen Sprache, 2 vols. Heidelberg.——1962. Die russische Sprache der Gegenwart, part 1: Formenlehre. Halle. (3rd edn 1975.)Halle, M. 1959. The sound pattern of Russian. ’s-Gravenhage.Jones, D. and D.Ward. 1969. The phonetics of Russian. Cambridge.GrammarsGarde, P. 1980. Grammaire russe. Paris.Švedova, N.J. et al. (eds) 1980. Russkaja grammatika, 2 vols. Moscow.Wade, T. 1992. A comprehensive Russian grammar. Oxford.Historical grammarsBorkovskij, V.I. and P.S.Kuznecov. 1965. Istor-ičeskaja grammatika russkogo jazyka, 2nd edn.Moscow.Kiparsky, V. 1963–75. Russische historische Grammatik, 3 vols. Heidelberg.History and dialectsAvanesov, R.I. and S.V.Bromlej. 1986- . Dialektologičeskij atlas russkogo jazyka, Vol. 2 1989.Moscow.Avanesov, R.I. and V.G.Orlova (eds) 1965. Russkaja dialektologija, 2nd edn. Moscow.Comrie, B. and G.Stone. 1978. The Russian language since the revolution. Oxford.Vinokur, G.O. 1971. The Russian language: a brief history. Cambridge.