Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 364ReferencesBarri, N. 1975. Note terminologique: endocentrique-exocentrique. Linguistics 13. 5–18.Bloomfield, L. 1933. Language. New York. 194–7.Harris, Z.S. 1951. Methods in structural linguistics. Chicago, IL.Hincha, G. 1961. Endocentric vs exocentric constructions. Lingua 10. 267–74.Hockett, C.F. 1958. A course in modern linguistics. New York. 183–98.categorial grammar, dependency grammarenergeia [Grk enérgeia ‘activity’]Concept traceable to Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) viewing language as ‘action’or ‘effective energy’ rather than a static entity ( ergon). Language is not a ‘materiallying there to be surveyed in its entirety,’ but rather must be seen as a ‘continuously selfgenerating’process (1903–36, vol. 8:58). Language, in this sense, makes ‘infinite use offinite resources’ (p. 99). Numerous linguistic theories appeal to this ‘energetic’conception of language, including the generative transformational grammar ofN.Chomsky, which is concerned with the creative aspect of the energeia concept. This isrepresented in the framework of his theory as a ‘system of recursive processes.’ReferencesHarris, R. and T.J.Taylor. 1989. Landmarks in linguistic thought. London. Ch. 12.Robins, R.H. 1967. A short history of linguistics. Bloomington, IN.Manchester, M. 1986. The philosophical foundations of Humboldt’s linguistic doctrines.Amsterdam.Von Humboldt, W. 1836. On language: the diversity of human language structure and its influenceon the mental development of mankind, trans. P. Heath. Cambridge. (Trans. 1988.)——1903–36. Gesammelte Schriften, vol. I: Werke, ed. A.Leitzmann. 9 vols. Berlin. (Repr. 1968.)energeticModal category of verbs used to express a categorial assertion. While Arabic hasindependent forms of the energetic, English and related languages realize it throughparaphrases: She does like him.