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A-Z 311dialect as a ‘restricted code’ ( code theory) and ‘speech barriers’; (b) covariation oflinguistic, macrosocial, and situative categories ( diglossia), social conditions forlanguage variation and language change (see Labov 1975, 1978); (c) communicativefunction of the conversational use of the different language varieties (cf.contextualization) (see Gumperz 1978).ReferencesAllen, H.B. and G.N.Underwood (eds) 1971. Readings in American dialectology. New York.Besch, W. et al. (eds) 1982–3. Dialektologie: ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinenDialektforschung, 2 vols. Berlin and New York.Chambers, J.K. and P.Trudgill. 1980. Dialectology. Cambridge.Davis, L. 1983. English dialectology: an introduction. Birmingham, AL.Elert, C. et al. (eds) 1977. Dialectology and sociolinguistics. Umeå.Fisiak, J. (ed.) 1988. Historical dialectology: regional and social. Berlin and New York.Francis, W.N. 1984. Dialectology: an introduction. London.Moulton, W.G. 1968. Structural dialectology. Lg 44. 451–66.Petyt, K. 1980. The study of dialect: an introduction to dialectology. Boulder, CO.Trudgill, P. 1983. On dialect: social and geographical perspectives. New York.——1986. Dialects in contact. Oxford.Walters, K. 1988. Dialectology. In F.Newmeyer (ed.), Linguistics: the Cambridge Survey.Cambridge. Vol. 4, 119–39.Weinreich, U. 1954. Is a structural dialectology possible? Word 10. 388–400. (Repr. in H.B.Allenand G.N.Underwood (eds), Readings in American dialectology. New York, 1971. 300–13.)Wejnen, A. 1978. Outlines for an interlingual European dialectology. Assen.Dialectologia et Geolinguistica.Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik.sociolinguistics, spoken languageJournalsdialogue systemIn natural language processing, a system which carries out a dialogue with a human user,normally for the purpose of allowing the user access to a software system such as adatabase or expert system. Dialogue systems have been the focus of especially intensedevelopment because they provide the user with a familiar and efficient interface andthus obviate the usual need for training. ( also computational linguistics, usermodeling)