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A-Z 895phoneticsLinguistic subdiscipline that studies the phonetic aspect of speech with regard to thefollowing processes: (a) articulatory-genetic sound production ( articulatoryphonetics); (b) structure of the acoustic flow ( acoustic phonetics); and (c)neurological-psychological processes involved in perception ( auditory phonetics).An understanding of anatomy, physiology, neurology, and physics is fundamental tothese studies. In contrast to phonology, phonetics studies the concrete articulatory,acoustic, and auditory characteristics of all the possible sounds of all languages.Instrumental phonetics makes use of electronic equipment, whereas experimentalphonetics involves empirical and experimental processes.ReferencesAbercrombie, D. 1966. Elements of general phonetics. Edinburgh.Asher, R.E. and E.J.A.Henderson (eds) 1981. Towards a history of phonetics. Edinburgh.Catford, J.C. 1988. A practical introduction to phonetics. Oxford.Clark, J. and C.Yallop. 1995. An introduction to phonetics and phonology. 2nd edn. Oxford.Jespersen, O. 1904. Lehrbuch der Phonetik. Leipzig.Jones, D. 1922. An outline of English phonetics, 2nd edn. Berlin.Knowles, G. 1987. Patterns of spoken English: an introduction to English phonetics. London.Ladefoged, P. 1971. Preliminaries to linguistic phonetics. Chicago, IL.——1975. A course in phonetics. 3rd edn 1993. Fort Worth, TX and Philadelphia, PA.Laver, J. 1994. Principles of phonetics. Cambridge.MacMahon, M.K.C. 1990. Language as available sound: phonetics. In N.E.Collinge (ed.), Anencyclopedia of language. London. 3–29.Pike, K.L. 1943. Phonetics. Ann Arbor, MI.Pompino-Marshall, B. 1992. Einführung in die Phonetik. Berlin and New York.Thomas, J.M.C., L.Bouquiaux, and F.CloarecHeiss. 1976. Initiation a la phonétique. Paris.Trask, R.L. 1995. A dictionary of phonetics and phonology. London.BibliographyLaver, J. 1979. Voice quality: a classified research bibliography. Amsterdam.JournalZeitschrift für Phonetik, Sprachwissenschaft und Kommunikationsforschung.