Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 190ReferenceMarchand, H. 1960. The categories and types of present-day English word-formation. Munich.(2nd edn 1969.)cliticizationGeneral term for the process of adding proclitics and enclitics.ReferenceUhlenbeck, E.M. 1990. Clitics, morphemes and words: their structural differences. PICL 14. 637–41.closed-class wordsynsematic wordclosed setCharacteristic of a set whose number of elements is closed, e.g. the rules of phonemecombinations in a given language.closed vs open1 Characteristic of vowels. The opposition refers to the degree to which the resonancechamber is open during the formation of vowels.2 Characteristic of syllables. Syllables are ‘open’ when they end in a vowel, ‘closed’when they end in one or more consonants. English has both open (e.g. [pi:] in [‘pi:kak]peacock) and closed (e.g. [pi:k] peak) syllables. Closed syllables are not found at all inthe Austronesian language ( Malayo-Polynesian) of Tahiti nor in Old Church Slavic.