Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 641Nelde. P.-H. (ed.) 1980. Sprachkontakt und Sprach-konflikt. Wiesbaden.Nelde, P. et al. (eds) 1986. Language contact in Europe: proceedings of the working groups 12 and13 of the International Congress of Linguists. Tübingen.Pütz, M. (ed.) 1994. Language contact and language conflict. Amsterdam and Philadelphia. PA.Rubin, J. and R.Shuy (eds) 1973. Language planning: current issues and research. Washington,DC.Spolsky, B. and R.L.Cooper. 1991. The languages of Jerusalem. Oxford.Tauli, V. 1968. Introduction to a theory of language planning. Uppsala.Thomason, S.G. and T.Kaufman. 1988. Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics.Berkeley, Los Angeles and London.Ureland, P.S. and G.Broderick (eds) 1991. Language contact in the British Isles: proceedings of theeighth International Symposium on Language Contact in Europe. Tübingen.Van Coetsem, F. 1987. Loan phonology and the two transfer types in language contact. Dordrecht.Weinreich, U. 1953. Languages in contact: findings and problems. New York.language death (also language obsolescence)The decline or extinction of a language in situations where languages come into contactwith each other ( language contact). Different causes and processes can bedistinguished: the most common is a ‘gradual’ language death, i.e. a language that hasbecome obsolete is used by fewer and fewer speakers in more and more restrictedsituations, until it is finally only used as an ‘intimate code’ in certain formulas and idioms(e.g. greetings, proverbs, songs, jokes) as the expression of social or regional membershipin a group. A possible residue of a dying language is also to be found in ritualized (e.g.religious) contexts. All forms of ‘radical’ or ‘sudden’ language death are evoked bycatastrophes of different kinds, ranging from the destruction and abandonment of aculture, massive political oppression and intimidation to the physical elimination ofwhole populations of speakers.ReferencesBrenzinger, M. (ed.) 1992. Language death: factual and theoretical explorations with specialreference to East Africa. Berlin and New York.Dorian, N.C. 1986. Making do with less: some surprises along the language death proficiencycontinuum. APsy 7:3. 257–76.——(ed.) 1989. Investigating obsolescence: studies in language contraction and death. Cambridge.Dressler, W.U. 1981. Language shift and language death: a protean challenge for the linguist. FoLi15. 5–28.——1988. Language death. In F.Newmeyer (ed.). Linguistics: the Cambridge survey. Cambridge.Vol. 4. 184–92.Hill, J.H. 1983. Language death in Uto-Aztecan. IJAL 49. 258–76.Mackey, W.F. 1985. La mortalité des langues et le bilinguisme des peuples. In U.Pieper and G.Stickel (eds), Studia linguistica diachronica et synchronica Werner Winter sexagenario annoMCMLXXXIII gratis animis ab eius collegis, amicis discipulisque oblata. Berlin. 537–61.