Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 693the description of competence ( competence vs performance; Chomsky 1965) aswell as to the methodology of linguistics.ReferencesBartsch, R. and T.Vennemann. 1982. Grundzüge der Sprachtheorie: eine linguistische Einführung.Tübingen.Chomsky, N. 1965. Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, MA.Cole, R.W. (ed.) 1977. Current issues in linguistic theory. Bloomington, IN.Lakoff, G. 1965. Irregularity in syntax. Dissertation, New York.Lieb, H.H. 1974/6. Grammars as theories: the case for axiomatic grammar. TL 1. 39–115.——1977. Outline of integrational linguistics. Berlin.Newmeyer, F. 1986. Linguistic theory in America, 2nd edn. Orlando, FL.linguisticslinguisticsScientific discipline with the goal of describing language and speech in all relevanttheoretical and practical aspects and their relation to adjoining disciplines. Insofar aslinguistics deals with human languages as a sign system, it can be understood as asubdiscipline of general semiotics. Because of the object of its study and theinvestigational methods appropriate to it, linguistics has characteristics of both the naturalsciences and the social sciences. Depending on the interests of the investigator, linguisticscan be divided into general linguistics, which attempts to develop theories explaininggeneral universal regularities of language ( universals, language typology), andapplied linguistics, which investigates problems dealing with specific languages. Thevarious subfields of linguistics result from the different aspects of language investigated.(a) When the structure of language as a sign system is examined, the subfieldsphonology, morphology, word formation, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and textlinguistics result. (b) These specific subdisciplines can be used to study languagesynchronically (i.e. in respect to one specific language state) or diachronically, when thehistorical development of a language is studied ( synchrony vs diachrony, languagechange). (c) Individual conditions of language production and perception are treated inpsycholinguistics or neurolinguistics ( also language acquisition, languagedisorder). (d) The relationship between language and its social/sociological setting isaddressed by sociolinguistics and ethnolinguistics. (e) The fields listed in (d) overlapwith aspects of regional variants and influences ( dialect, dialectology). (f) Topicscovered by applied linguistics include problems of foreign-language instruction (foreign language pedagogy), translation, machine-aided translation (computational linguistics) and language planning ( language contact).