Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 410figure of speechA collective term in rhetoric for all kinds of striking or unusual configurations of wordsor phrases. The variation can affect all units of the linguistic system (graphic,phonological, morphological. syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic patterns) and occurthrough (a) repetition, e.g. alliteration, polyptoton, parallelism; (b) extension, e.g.parenthesis, pleonasm; (c) abbreviation, e.g. apocope, ellipsis, zeugma; (d)permutation/transposition, e.g. palindrome, anastrophe, hyperbaton. Certain types ofsubstitution and replacement are also considered figures of speech today, e.g. trope, aswell as various pragmatic figures such as the rhetorical question or concession orprolepsis.ReferencesDixon, P. 1971. Rhetoric. London.Fowler, G. 1986. Linguistic criticism. Oxford.Lanham, R.A. 1968. A handlist of rhetorical terms. Berkeley, CA.Leech, G. 1966. Linguistics and the figures of rhetoric. In R.Fowler (ed.), Essays on style andlanguage. London.Leech, N.G. 1969. A linguistic guide to English poetry. London.Murphy, J.J. (ed.) 1983. Renaissance eloquence. Berkeley, CA.Nash, W. 1989. Rhetoric. Oxford.Nowottny, W. 1962. The language poets use. London.Ortony, A. (ed.) 1979. Metaphor and thought. Cambridge.Plett, H.F. 1985. Rhetoric. In T.A.van Dijk (ed.), Discourse and literature. Amsterdam.Quinn, A. 1987. Figures of speech: sixty ways to turn a phrase. Salt Lake City, UT.Vickers, B. 1988. In defense of rhetoric. Oxford.Wine, J.D. 1993. Figurative language in Cynewulf: defining aspects of a poetic style. New York.rhetoricFijianMalayo-PolynesianfilterA constraint in the Revised Extended Standard Theory (REST) of transformationalgrammar which prevents overgeneration by syntactic rules. Filters are language-specificconstraints on wellformedness at the surface structure: for example, in Chomsky andLasnik (1977), the ungrammatical sentence *Who did we want for to win? is excluded by