Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 58composition of the world described by them. See Quine (1951) on the difficulties indistinguishing the two types. ( also formal logic)ReferencesKripke, S. 1972. Naming and necessity. In D.Davidson and G.Harmann (eds), Semantics of naturallanguage. Dordrecht. 253–355 and 763–9 (addendum).Quine, W.V. 1951. Two dogmas of empiricism. PhR 60. 20–43.BibliographiesHall, R. 1966. Analytic-Synthetic: a bibliography. PhQ 60. 178–81.Petöfi, J.S. (ed.) 1978. Logic and the formal theory of natural language: selective bibliography.Hamburg.formal logicanaphora [Grk anaphor-á ‘carrying back;reference’] (also anaphoric element,coreference, pro-form)1 Linguistic element which refers back to another linguistic element ( antecedent) inthe coreferential relationship, i.e. the reference of an anaphora can only be ascertained byinterpreting its antecedent (see Wasow 1979; Thrane 1980). In this sense, anaphora iscontrasted with cataphora, where the words refer forward. However, the term ‘anaphora’may also be found subsuming both forward and backward reference. If the anaphoricelement has the same reference as the antecedent, it is termed coreferent. The occurrenceof anaphoras is considered to be a characteristic property of texts; it produces textualcoherence ( textuality; cf. text linguistics). The most common anaphoric elementsare pronouns (Philip read a novel. He liked it a lot); in addition, certain forms of ellipsiscan be evaluated as cases of anaphora (Philip [bought a book], Caroline [0] too). InGovernment and Binding theory, the traditional term anaphora takes a more restrictivesense, referring only to reflexive and reciprocal pronouns (They hit themselves/eachother). Cf. binding theory.ReferencesAoun, J. 1985. A grammar of anaphora. Cambridge, MA.Bosch, P. 1983. Agreement and anaphora. London.Fiengo, R. and R.May. 1994. Indices and identity. Cambridge, MA.