Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf
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A-Z 321McCarthy, M. <strong>and</strong> R.Carter. 1993. <strong>Language</strong> as discourse. London.Pike, K.L. 1954. <strong>Language</strong> in relation to a unified theory <strong>of</strong> the structure <strong>of</strong> human behavior. TheHague. (2nd edn 1967).Schriffin, D. 1993. Approaches to discourse. Oxford.Tannen, D. 1979. What’s in a frame? Surface evidence for underlying expectations. In R.Freedle(ed.), New directions in discourse processing. Norwood. NJ. 137–81.Tannen, D. (ed.) 1981. Analyzing discourses. Gurt.Van Dijk, T. 1974. Philosophy <strong>of</strong> action <strong>and</strong> theory <strong>of</strong> narrative. Amsterdam.JournalDiscourse <strong>and</strong> Society.anaphora, conversation analysis, discourse analysis, pragmatics, tensediscourse analysisCover term for various analyses <strong>of</strong> discourse. Motivated by linguistic terminology <strong>and</strong>theory ( formal logic, structuralism, transformational grammar) it is usedsynonymously with text analysis, with a particular interest in wellformedness (coherence, cohesion) <strong>and</strong> deductive rules (e.g. rules for speech acts ). While in thisstr<strong>and</strong> <strong>of</strong> research, texts are mainly taken to be static products (discourse grammar, textlinguistics), there is another str<strong>and</strong> influenced by functional grammar,psycholinguistics, <strong>and</strong> approaches to cognitive science that emphasizes the dynamiccharacter <strong>of</strong> discourse as construction <strong>and</strong> interpretation processes by the speaker/writer<strong>and</strong> the listener/ reader (see Brown <strong>and</strong> Yule 1983). According to Van Dijk (1985),discourse analysis has become a new cross-disciplinary field <strong>of</strong> analysis since the early1970s. It is <strong>of</strong> interest to disciplines such as anthropology <strong>and</strong> sociolinguistics(ethnography <strong>of</strong> speaking), artificial intelligence, cognitive science, philosophy <strong>of</strong>language (speech act theory), psycholinguistics, sociology <strong>of</strong> language (conversationanalysis), rhetoric (style), <strong>and</strong> text linguistics. For an overview see van Dijk (1985).ReferencesBrown, G. <strong>and</strong> G.Yule. 1983. Discourse analysis. Cambridge.Coulthard, M. 1977. An introduction to discourse analysis. London.——(ed.) 1992. Advances in spoken discourse analysis. London.Givón, T. (ed.) 1979. Syntax <strong>and</strong> semantics, vol. 12: Discourse <strong>and</strong> syntax. New York.Labov, W. <strong>and</strong> D.Fanshel. 1977. Therapeutic discourse. New York.Levinson, S. 1983. Pragmatics. Cambridge.Mann, W.C. <strong>and</strong> S.A.Thompson (eds) 1992. Discourse description: diverse linguistic analyses <strong>of</strong> afund-raising text. Amsterdam.Myhill, J. 1992. Typological discourse analysis. Oxford.

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