Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 770morphological reanalysisanalogymorphologizationChange of a phonological rule into a morphological regularity through the loss of anoriginally present phonetic motivational factor. Thus, the plural formation by umlaut(foot: feet), which was originally conditioned by an -i- in the following syllable (Proto-Germanic *fotiz), became productive in German, after this conditioning factor had beenlost and the umlaut came to be directly connected with the category of plural (e.g.Hand—Hände ‘handhands’); in English, umlaut was not morphologized; there remainedonly a few isolated cases (see above and, e.g. mouse: mice).ReferencesBybee, J. 1985. Morphology: a study of the relation between meaning and form. Amsterdam.Dressler, W.U. 1985. Morphology: the dynamics of derivation. Ann Arbor. MI.Klausenburger J. 1979. Morphologization: studies in Latin and Romance morphophonology.Tübingen.Maiden, M. 1991. Interactive morphology. London.Wurzel, W. 1984. Flexionsmorphologie und Natürlichkeit. Berlin.grammaticalization, morphophonemics, natural phonologymorphologyTerm coined by J.W.von Goethe to designate the study of form and structure of livingorganisms which was taken up by linguistics in the nineteenth century as a cover term forinflection and word formation. In school grammar, morphology corresponds to thestudy of forms, i.e. the subdisciplines of inflection as well as of the study of word classesand their classificational criteria. In various ways word formation is treated as anindependent discipline beside morphology or as a further subdiscipline of morphology.Hockett (1954) distinguishes between three types of morphological models: (a) the itemand-arrangementgrammar (=combinatory morphology) pursued in Americanstructuralism with consideration to distribution; (b) the concept of an item-andprocessgrammar (=process morphology) which is fundamental to generative grammarand in which basic abstract forms are transformed into their surface structure forms; and(c) the word-and-paradigm model (=paradigm morphology), which posits not themorpheme, but the word as the basic element of morphological description. The basicconcepts of morphology in recent linguistics were developed in the framework of