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Dictionary of Language andLinguistics
Routledge Dictionary of Languageand LinguisticsHadumod Bussmanntranslated and edited byGregory Trauth and Kerstin KazzaziLondon and New York
Page 4 and 5: The dictionary is based on: Hadumod
Page 7 and 8: PrefaceTwenty-five years ago, when
Page 9 and 10: cross-references, updating the bibl
Page 11 and 12: Pertinent publications: Deutsch als
Page 13 and 14: Professor of Romance Linguistics; U
Page 15 and 16: Talbot J.Taylor, Ph.D.Professor of
Page 17 and 18: User instructionsBasic structure of
Page 19 and 20: List of symbols used in the bookLin
Page 21 and 22: ε element relation ‘is an elemen
Page 24 and 25: List of abbreviations in the textAD
Page 26 and 27: Prep., PPpres.reg.Ssg.st.subj.Vprep
Page 28 and 29: COLINGCPsyCScCTLDaFDAIDPrDRLAVDSpEL
Page 30 and 31: MPhMRCDMSSNkuNL&LTNLHNLingNRunOcLPA
Page 32 and 33: AAbazaNorth-West Caucasianabbreviat
Page 34 and 35: A-Z 3ablative absoluteSyntactic con
Page 36 and 37: A-Z 5absolute antonymyGood vs bad,
Page 38 and 39: A-Z 7ReferencesFujimura, O. (ed.) 1
Page 40 and 41: A-Z 9Morphological case in nominati
Page 42 and 43: A-Z 11acoustic analysisGenerally, t
Page 44 and 45: A-Z 13acrolectTerm introduced by Bi
Page 46 and 47: A-Z 15the coding of intransitive cl
Page 48 and 49: A-Z 17(‘x comes before y’); in
Page 50 and 51: A-Z 19(Merritt 1976:333)Additional
Page 52 and 53:
A-Z 21Referencesadjectiveadjunct [L
Page 54 and 55:
A-Z 23adverbs. In English, there ar
Page 56 and 57:
A-Z 25affiliation [MLat. affiliare
Page 58 and 59:
A-Z 27Referencessound changeAfrican
Page 60 and 61:
A-Z 29underlying ergative system, v
Page 62 and 63:
A-Z 31agnosia [Grk agnōsía ‘ign
Page 64 and 65:
A-Z 33occurs within a sentence or i
Page 66 and 67:
A-Z 35AkanKwaAkkadianOldest atteste
Page 68 and 69:
A-Z 37——1991. Albanian. In J.Gv
Page 70 and 71:
A-Z 39The related language Yurok de
Page 72 and 73:
A-Z 41allegation [Lat. allegare ‘
Page 74 and 75:
A-Z 43and ‹A› can all be viewed
Page 76 and 77:
A-Z 45alpha privativum [Lat. privat
Page 78 and 79:
A-Z 47writingAlseaPenutianAltaicLan
Page 80 and 81:
A-Z 49alveolo-palatallamino-palatal
Page 82 and 83:
A-Z 51American EnglishEnglishAmeric
Page 84 and 85:
A-Z 53ReferencesHartmann, J. 1980.
Page 86 and 87:
A-Z 55analogue communicationTerm co
Page 88 and 89:
A-Z 57BibliographyAnttila, R. and W
Page 90 and 91:
A-Z 59Fox, B.A. 1993. Discourse str
Page 92 and 93:
A-Z 61Referencesfigure of speechAna
Page 94 and 95:
A-Z 63Furthermore, animals cannot c
Page 96 and 97:
A-Z 65Groenendijk, J. and M.Stokhof
Page 98 and 99:
A-Z 67the patient is marked by an o
Page 100 and 101:
A-Z 69A-over-A principleA universal
Page 102 and 103:
A-Z 71Wulfeck, B. et al. 1986. Sent
Page 104 and 105:
A-Z 73apico-dentalSpeech sound clas
Page 106 and 107:
A-Z 75apostrophe [Grk ‘a turning
Page 108 and 109:
A-Z 77applicativeVerbal voice which
Page 110 and 111:
A-Z 79central ( compact vs diffuse)
Page 112 and 113:
A-Z 81Prochazka, T. 1988. Saudi Ara
Page 114 and 115:
A-Z 83arbitrarinessBasic property o
Page 116 and 117:
A-Z 85Arc Pair Grammarrelational gr
Page 118 and 119:
A-Z 87argument positionN.Chomsky’
Page 120 and 121:
A-Z 89GrammarsHübschmann, H. 1897.
Page 122 and 123:
A-Z 91Depending on the manner in wh
Page 124 and 125:
A-Z 93articulator (also articulator
Page 126 and 127:
A-Z 95Johnson-Laird, P. 1988. The c
Page 128 and 129:
A-Z 97In English, most verbs have a
Page 130 and 131:
A-Z 99Referencesphoneticsaspiration
Page 132 and 133:
A-Z 101associationIn psychology, pr
Page 134 and 135:
A-Z 103athematic verbstem vowelATN
Page 136 and 137:
A-Z 105audio-lingual method [Lat. a
Page 138 and 139:
A-Z 107augmented transition network
Page 140 and 141:
A-Z 109AustroasianAustro-AsiaticAus
Page 142 and 143:
A-Z 111Journal of Autism and Develo
Page 144 and 145:
A-Z 113AUXauxiliaryauxiliary [Lat.
Page 146 and 147:
A-Z 115axiomatics of linguisticsBas
Page 148 and 149:
A-Z 117back formationIn word format
Page 150 and 151:
A-Z 119Balto-FinnishFinno-UgricBamb
Page 152 and 153:
A-Z 121ReferencesChomsky, N. 1986.
Page 154 and 155:
A-Z 123ReferencesCarter, R. 1987. I
Page 156 and 157:
A-Z 125are placed close together. (
Page 158 and 159:
A-Z 127Historical grammarJankoŭski
Page 160 and 161:
A-Z 129Chaker, S. 1984. Textes en l
Page 162 and 163:
A-Z 131Meisel, J. (ed.) 1990. Two f
Page 164 and 165:
A-Z 133reference is bound by a prec
Page 166 and 167:
A-Z 135possibilities as to which si
Page 168 and 169:
A-Z 137Black English vernacularBlac
Page 170 and 171:
A-Z 139borrowingAdoption of a lingu
Page 172 and 173:
A-Z 141Referencesconstraints, trans
Page 174 and 175:
A-Z 143Referencesfigure of speechbr
Page 176 and 177:
A-Z 145ReferencesGrimm, J. 1848. Ge
Page 178 and 179:
A-Z 147ReferencesBates, E. et al. 1
Page 180 and 181:
A-Z 149Characteristics: tonal langu
Page 182 and 183:
A-Z 151calculusDeductive system of
Page 184 and 185:
A-Z 153CantoneseChinesecapital vs s
Page 186 and 187:
A-Z 155Koehn, E. and S.Koehn. 1986.
Page 188 and 189:
A-Z 157case grammar (also case theo
Page 190 and 191:
A-Z 159Starosta, S. 1978. The one p
Page 192 and 193:
A-Z 161Referencesfigure of speechCa
Page 194 and 195:
A-Z 163catchword1 A much-used word
Page 196 and 197:
A-Z 165types standing in the closes
Page 198 and 199:
A-Z 167category symbolIn transforma
Page 200 and 201:
A-Z 169c-commandAn abbreviation for
Page 202 and 203:
A-Z 171McCone, K.R. 1992. Relative
Page 204 and 205:
A-Z 173maintained the following: Th
Page 206 and 207:
A-Z 175Referencescategorial grammar
Page 208 and 209:
A-Z 177ReferenceJakobson, R. et al.
Page 210 and 211:
A-Z 179widely spoken language in th
Page 212 and 213:
A-Z 181Referencestransformational g
Page 214 and 215:
A-Z 183class nouncommon nounclassic
Page 216 and 217:
A-Z 185classifierParticle used to c
Page 218 and 219:
A-Z 187derives the cleft sentence f
Page 220 and 221:
A-Z 189Referencesfigure of speechcl
Page 222 and 223:
A-Z 191clusterIn Weinreich’s sema
Page 224 and 225:
A-Z 193co-constituentConstituents w
Page 226 and 227:
A-Z 195——1993b. Duelling langua
Page 228 and 229:
A-Z 197cognitive linguistics (also
Page 230 and 231:
A-Z 199cohesionCohesion refers to t
Page 232 and 233:
A-Z 201ReferencesCoseriu, E. 1967.
Page 234 and 235:
A-Z 203ReferencesBerlin, B., E.A.Be
Page 236 and 237:
A-Z 205common noun (also class noun
Page 238 and 239:
A-Z 207transmission of information
Page 240 and 241:
A-Z 209ReferencesglossematicsCOMP p
Page 242 and 243:
A-Z 211Grimm, J. 1819-37. Deutsche
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
A-Z 215complementary distributionCo
Page 248 and 249:
A-Z 217Chomsky, N. 1970. Remarks on
Page 250 and 251:
A-Z 219componential analysis (also
Page 252 and 253:
A-Z 221Van Eynde, F. 1981. Some def
Page 254 and 255:
A-Z 223occurrence is rule-governed,
Page 256 and 257:
A-Z 225Cohen, R. 1986. Survey of co
Page 258 and 259:
A-Z 227still will not result in the
Page 260 and 261:
A-Z 229conditional implicationimpli
Page 262 and 263:
A-Z 231Conjugational patterns diffe
Page 264 and 265:
A-Z 233connecting vowellinking vowe
Page 266 and 267:
A-Z 235Referencesconnection2 Logica
Page 268 and 269:
A-Z 237consonant [Lat. consonare
Page 270 and 271:
A-Z 239constellation [Lat. constell
Page 272 and 273:
A-Z 241ReferencesSearle, J.R. 1969.
Page 274 and 275:
A-Z 243Referencesmeaningcontent ana
Page 276 and 277:
A-Z 245content planeexpression plan
Page 278 and 279:
A-Z 247contextual implicationimplic
Page 280 and 281:
A-Z 249continuousprogressivecontoid
Page 282 and 283:
A-Z 251source of knowledge of a lea
Page 284 and 285:
A-Z 253ReferencesLewis, D. 1969. Co
Page 286 and 287:
A-Z 255underlying corresponding syn
Page 288 and 289:
A-Z 257BibliographyWiese, B. 1980.
Page 290 and 291:
A-Z 259core vocabularybasic vocabul
Page 292 and 293:
A-Z 261Referencesphonetics, phonolo
Page 294 and 295:
A-Z 263ReferencesCruse, D.A. 1986.
Page 296 and 297:
A-Z 265Hancock, I. 1987. History of
Page 298 and 299:
A-Z 267cross-referenceanaphoraCross
Page 300 and 301:
A-Z 269Ehret, C. 1980. The historic
Page 302 and 303:
A-Z 271DDaco-RumanianRumanianDagest
Page 304 and 305:
A-Z 273dative [Lat. datum ‘given
Page 306 and 307:
A-Z 275dativizationdative shiftdaug
Page 308 and 309:
A-Z 277declarative sentenceSentence
Page 310 and 311:
A-Z 279deep structure (also underly
Page 312 and 313:
A-Z 281deficit theorycode theorydef
Page 314 and 315:
A-Z 283ReferencesChesterman, A. 199
Page 316 and 317:
A-Z 285deglutinationaphesisdegree (
Page 318 and 319:
A-Z 287Innis, R.E. (trans.) 1982. K
Page 320 and 321:
A-Z 289Referencesword formationdeno
Page 322 and 323:
A-Z 291BibliographyPetöfi, J.S. (e
Page 324 and 325:
A-Z 293Schachter, P. 1980. Daughter
Page 326 and 327:
A-Z 295ReferencesAlsina, A. and S.M
Page 328 and 329:
A-Z 297descriptivityTendency in som
Page 330 and 331:
A-Z 299pronouns. The precise defini
Page 332 and 333:
A-Z 301developmental apraxiaapraxia
Page 334 and 335:
A-Z 303Lahey, M. 1988. Language dis
Page 336 and 337:
A-Z 305diachronyA term introduced b
Page 338 and 339:
A-Z 307dialect [Grk diálektos ‘c
Page 340 and 341:
A-Z 309ReferencesDavis, A.L. 1949.
Page 342 and 343:
A-Z 311dialect as a ‘restricted c
Page 344 and 345:
A-Z 313ReferenceMarkey, T.L. 1976.
Page 346 and 347:
A-Z 315Kremnitz, G. 1987. Diglossie
Page 348 and 349:
A-Z 317Vennemann, T. 1972. Phonetic
Page 350 and 351:
A-Z 319directive1 A speech act whos
Page 352 and 353:
A-Z 321McCarthy, M. and R.Carter. 1
Page 354 and 355:
A-Z 323BibliographyLohmann, P. 1988
Page 356 and 357:
A-Z 325ReferenceSeuren, P.A.M. 1985
Page 358 and 359:
A-Z 327disjunctive feature structur
Page 360 and 361:
A-Z 329dissimilation of aspiratesla
Page 362 and 363:
A-Z 331ReferenceKatz, J.J. and J.A.
Page 364 and 365:
A-Z 333——1964b. Limitations of
Page 366 and 367:
A-Z 335domain extensionA concept de
Page 368 and 369:
A-Z 337double-bind theoryTerm intro
Page 370 and 371:
A-Z 339Characteristics: strongly ag
Page 372 and 373:
A-Z 341DRS (discourse representatio
Page 374 and 375:
A-Z 343ReferencesaspectDutchGermani
Page 376 and 377:
A-Z 345dysfluency (also stammering,
Page 378 and 379:
A-Z 347dysphasia developmental apha
Page 380 and 381:
A-Z 349Referencesinterrogativeechol
Page 382 and 383:
A-Z 351case, case grammar, semantic
Page 384 and 385:
A-Z 353GrammarsBrunner. H. 1967. Ad
Page 386 and 387:
A-Z 355elective mutismmutismelement
Page 388 and 389:
A-Z 357elliptic formIn word formati
Page 390 and 391:
A-Z 359Referencesfigure of speechem
Page 392 and 393:
A-Z 361ReferencesGovernment and Bin
Page 394 and 395:
A-Z 363encoding1 In information the
Page 396 and 397:
A-Z 365ReferencesmodalityEngaPapuan
Page 398 and 399:
A-Z 367Historical grammarsBrunner,
Page 400 and 401:
A-Z 369entailmentimplicationenthyme
Page 402 and 403:
A-Z 371epiphora [Grk epiphorá ‘b
Page 404 and 405:
A-Z 373Equatorial languagesLanguage
Page 406 and 407:
A-Z 375Referenceslevels of adequacy
Page 408 and 409:
A-Z 377ReferencesComrie, B. 1978. E
Page 410 and 411:
A-Z 379BibliographySpillner, B. 199
Page 412 and 413:
A-Z 381EstonianFinno-Ugric language
Page 414 and 415:
A-Z 383ethnolinguistics (also neo-H
Page 416 and 417:
A-Z 385EtruscanAncient language of
Page 418 and 419:
A-Z 387GreekChantraine, P. 1968-80.
Page 420 and 421:
A-Z 389Decsy, G. 1973. Die linguist
Page 422 and 423:
A-Z 391exceptional case marking (ab
Page 424 and 425:
A-Z 393existential causativeeffecte
Page 426 and 427:
A-Z 395experiencercase grammarexper
Page 428 and 429:
A-Z 397expression plane vs content
Page 430 and 431:
A-Z 399ReferenceAsher, N. 1985. The
Page 432 and 433:
A-Z 401extrinsic vs intrinsic order
Page 434 and 435:
A-Z 403ReferenceFillmore, C. 1968.
Page 436 and 437:
A-Z 405ReferencesKuspert, K.C. 1988
Page 438 and 439:
A-Z 407feature complexfeature bundl
Page 440 and 441:
A-Z 409field workMethodological pro
Page 442 and 443:
A-Z 411the for-to filter. In contra
Page 444 and 445:
A-Z 413finite verb form [Lat. finit
Page 446 and 447:
A-Z 415Firthian linguistics (also c
Page 448 and 449:
A-Z 417Referencesmorphologyfluent a
Page 450 and 451:
A-Z 419Foreign Language Across the
Page 452 and 453:
A-Z 421Referencesborrowing, languag
Page 454 and 455:
A-Z 423Language typeAutomata typere
Page 456 and 457:
A-Z 425ReferencesChomsky, N. and G.
Page 458 and 459:
A-Z 427Referencesphoneticsfossiliza
Page 460 and 461:
A-Z 429frame constructionbrace cons
Page 462 and 463:
A-Z 431Fregean principle principle
Page 464 and 465:
A-Z 433Historical dictionariesBloch
Page 466 and 467:
A-Z 435Sino-Tibetan language of Han
Page 468 and 469:
A-Z 437FulaniFulafunction (also map
Page 470 and 471:
A-Z 439functional compositionMechan
Page 472 and 473:
A-Z 441Nuyts, J. et al. (eds) 1990.
Page 474 and 475:
A-Z 443Functional Unification Gramm
Page 476 and 477:
A-Z 445functorlogical connectiveFur
Page 478 and 479:
A-Z 447GGaelic (also Goidelic)Branc
Page 480 and 481:
A-Z 449ReferencesCarlson, L. 1983.
Page 482 and 483:
A-Z 451geminate [Lat. geminata ‘d
Page 484 and 485:
A-Z 453ReferencesBaron, D. 1986. Gr
Page 486 and 487:
A-Z 455rules from other phrase stru
Page 488 and 489:
Page 490 and 491:
A-Z 459generic nouncommon noungener
Page 492 and 493:
A-Z 461genitiveMorphological case f
Page 494 and 495:
A-Z 463speakers), Liechtenstein, an
Page 496 and 497:
A-Z 465Historical dictionariesGoebe
Page 498 and 499:
A-Z 467GermanicMember of the Indo-E
Page 500 and 501:
A-Z 469Germanic law of spirantsThe
Page 502 and 503:
A-Z 471Referenceswritingglide1 semi
Page 504 and 505:
A-Z 473The goal of linguistic analy
Page 506 and 507:
A-Z 475Referencesphoneticsglottal s
Page 508 and 509:
A-Z 477ReferencesBergsland, K. and
Page 510 and 511:
A-Z 479governing categoryA syntacti
Page 512 and 513:
A-Z 481ReferencesgovernmentGPSGGene
Page 514 and 515:
A-Z 483simplicity, completeness, ex
Page 516 and 517:
A-Z 485Heine, B. and U.Claudi. 1986
Page 518 and 519:
A-Z 487Hopper (1988) see grammatica
Page 520 and 521:
A-Z 489graph [Grk gráphein ‘to w
Page 522 and 523:
A-Z 491Grassmann’s law (also diss
Page 524 and 525:
A-Z 493GrecismAn idiom of the Greek
Page 526 and 527:
A-Z 495Etymological dictionariesAnd
Page 528 and 529:
A-Z 497GuaymiChibchan-PaezanGujarat
Page 530 and 531:
A-Z 499HhabitualVerbal aspect which
Page 532 and 533:
A-Z 501ReferencesCardona, G. 1968.
Page 534 and 535:
A-Z 503ReferencePollard, C. 1984. H
Page 536 and 537:
A-Z 505ReferencesBerman, R. 1978. M
Page 538 and 539:
A-Z 507heterography [Grk héteros
Page 540 and 541:
A-Z 509branching; (d) R is asymmetr
Page 542 and 543:
A-Z 511to the Low German dialects,
Page 544 and 545:
A-Z 513HiraganaJapaneseHispano-Celt
Page 546 and 547:
A-Z 515an Indo-European language. H
Page 548 and 549:
A-Z 517that refer to more complex c
Page 550 and 551:
A-Z 519homonymy [Grk ónyma (=ónom
Page 552 and 553:
A-Z 521many languages there are mor
Page 554 and 555:
A-Z 523Kiefer, F. and K.E. Kiss (ed
Page 556 and 557:
A-Z 525hypercharacterizationredunda
Page 558 and 559:
A-Z 527hyperurbanismhypercorrection
Page 560 and 561:
A-Z 529IIberianBasqueIbero-RomanceR
Page 562 and 563:
A-Z 531——1983. Iconic and econo
Page 564 and 565:
A-Z 533idiolect [Grk ídios ‘one
Page 566 and 567:
A-Z 535Completely idiomatized phras
Page 568 and 569:
A-Z 537IjoKwaillative (Lat. illatus
Page 570 and 571:
A-Z 539The elements produced in the
Page 572 and 573:
A-Z 541keep your mouth shut?, where
Page 574 and 575:
A-Z 543aspectimpersonal constructio
Page 576 and 577:
A-Z 545implicational analysis (also
Page 578 and 579:
A-Z 547only and even (Only Philip i
Page 580 and 581:
A-Z 549inclusionLogical relation be
Page 582 and 583:
A-Z 551Incorporation is a widesprea
Page 584 and 585:
A-Z 553Referencesmodalityindirect i
Page 586 and 587:
A-Z 555language of India and Pakist
Page 588 and 589:
A-Z 557Indo-European (abbrev. IE; a
Page 590 and 591:
A-Z 559Gamkrelidze, T. and V.V.Ivan
Page 592 and 593:
A-Z 561Pokorny, J. 1948-59. Indoger
Page 594 and 595:
A-Z 563inference1 Cognitive process
Page 596 and 597:
A-Z 565in the syntactic function of
Page 598 and 599:
A-Z 567ReferencesAnderson, S. 1982.
Page 600 and 601:
A-Z 569investigational agenda of si
Page 602 and 603:
A-Z 571Fanselow, G. 1988. ‘Word s
Page 604 and 605:
A-Z 573ReferenceHoffmann, K. 1967.
Page 606 and 607:
A-Z 575instrumentative (also instru
Page 608 and 609:
A-Z 577ReferencesCarnap, R. 1947. M
Page 610 and 611:
A-Z 579intensional reading attribut
Page 612 and 613:
A-Z 581interdental [Lat. inter ‘b
Page 614 and 615:
A-Z 583Selinker, L. 1972. Interlang
Page 616 and 617:
A-Z 585interludesyllableinternal in
Page 618 and 619:
A-Z 587Referencesprogramming langua
Page 620 and 621:
A-Z 589characteristics: initial pos
Page 622 and 623:
A-Z 591intersection setsetinterview
Page 624 and 625:
A-Z 593intransitivitytransitivityIn
Page 626 and 627:
A-Z 595(approx. 1000 BC (Gāthās)
Page 628 and 629:
A-Z 597Sperber, D. et al. 1981. Iro
Page 630 and 631:
A-Z 599Referenceslinguistic atlasis
Page 632 and 633:
A-Z 601isotopy [Grk ísos tópos
Page 634 and 635:
A-Z 603Etymological dictionariesBat
Page 636 and 637:
A-Z 605ReferencesMønnesland, S. 19
Page 638 and 639:
A-Z 607Clancy, P. 1993. Japanese/Ko
Page 640 and 641:
A-Z 609JeLanguage group in central
Page 642 and 643:
A-Z 611juncture [Lat. iunctura ‘j
Page 644 and 645:
A-Z 613KKabardNorth-West CaucasianK
Page 646 and 647:
A-Z 615KatakanaJapaneseKatharévusa
Page 648 and 649:
A-Z 617erally dying out. The Khoisa
Page 650 and 651:
A-Z 619KinyarwandaBantuKiowaUto-Azt
Page 652 and 653:
A-Z 621phonology, Korean resembles
Page 654 and 655:
A-Z 623LL 1 vs L 2L 1 is used in ap
Page 656 and 657:
A-Z 625LADlanguage acquisition devi
Page 658 and 659:
A-Z 627LandsmålNorwegianlangage [F
Page 660 and 661:
A-Z 629language acquisitionUmbrella
Page 662 and 663:
A-Z 631McWhinney, B. and E.Bates. 1
Page 664 and 665:
A-Z 633language and brainStudy of t
Page 666 and 667:
A-Z 635Rudzka-Ostyn, B. (ed.) 1987.
Page 668 and 669:
A-Z 637ReferencesAitchison, J. 1981
Page 670 and 671:
A-Z 639mental lexicon), processes s
Page 672 and 673:
A-Z 641Nelde. P.-H. (ed.) 1980. Spr
Page 674 and 675:
A-Z 643Blanken, G. et al. 1993. Lin
Page 676 and 677:
A-Z 645Brunner, K. 1942. Altenglisc
Page 678 and 679:
A-Z 647language mixingmixed languag
Page 680 and 681:
A-Z 649Fodor, I. and C.Hagège (eds
Page 682 and 683:
A-Z 651BibliographyGazdar, G. 1987.
Page 684 and 685:
A-Z 653language synthesis [Grk sýn
Page 686 and 687:
A-Z 655JournalLanguage Testing.lang
Page 688 and 689:
A-Z 657langue d’ocFrenchlangue d
Page 690 and 691:
A-Z 659in Hittite, h 2 has been ret
Page 692 and 693:
A-Z 661not mean that only one hemis
Page 694 and 695:
A-Z 663Palmer, R.L. 1954. The Latin
Page 696 and 697:
A-Z 665Soikane-Trapāne, M. 1987. L
Page 698 and 699:
A-Z 667Left and right dislocations
Page 700 and 701:
A-Z 669from a ligature of ‹1› a
Page 702 and 703:
A-Z 671its broader sense, ‘lexeme
Page 704 and 705:
A-Z 673ReferencesChen, M. and W.S.-
Page 706 and 707:
A-Z 675ReferencesBaumgärtner, K. 1
Page 708 and 709:
A-Z 677grammatical function of the
Page 710 and 711:
A-Z 679lexical phonologyApproach in
Page 712 and 713:
A-Z 681well as complex words in the
Page 714 and 715:
A-Z 683Hausmann, F.J., P.Reichmann,
Page 716 and 717:
A-Z 685Stowell, T. and E.Wehrli (ed
Page 718 and 719:
A-Z 687linearity1 The relationship
Page 720 and 721:
A-Z 689ReferencesAllen, H.B. 1973-6
Page 722 and 723:
A-Z 691Wittgenstein, L. 1981. Tract
Page 724 and 725:
A-Z 693the description of competenc
Page 726 and 727:
A-Z 695Matthews, P.H. 1993. Grammat
Page 728 and 729:
A-Z 697linking vowel (also connecti
Page 730 and 731:
A-Z 699Sledd, J. 1986. Permanence a
Page 732 and 733:
A-Z 701BibliographyLietuvos TSR bib
Page 734 and 735:
A-Z 703is interpreted as a speciali
Page 736 and 737:
A-Z 705ReferencesGazdar, G. 1979. P
Page 738 and 739:
A-Z 707languages to natural languag
Page 740 and 741:
A-Z 709LogudoreseSardinianLondon sc
Page 742 and 743:
A-Z 711MMabanNilo-SaharanMacedonian
Page 744 and 745:
A-Z 713Marchuk, Y.M. 1989. Machine-
Page 746 and 747:
A-Z 715Macro-SiouanSiouanmacro spee
Page 748 and 749:
A-Z 717MaipuranArawakan(major) cons
Page 750 and 751:
A-Z 719languages with the Cam-Thai
Page 752 and 753:
A-Z 721ManicheanIranianmanner of ac
Page 754 and 755:
A-Z 723according to Jakobson (1936)
Page 756 and 757:
A-Z 725present one alone, with no h
Page 758 and 759:
A-Z 727mass nounNoun which has no n
Page 760 and 761:
A-Z 729mathematical logicformal log
Page 762 and 763:
A-Z 731maximal projection of the no
Page 764 and 765:
A-Z 733objects, characteristics and
Page 766 and 767:
A-Z 735Wittgenstein, L. 1953. Philo
Page 768 and 769:
A-Z 737——1971. Where do sentenc
Page 770 and 771:
A-Z 739react as soon as the relevan
Page 772 and 773:
A-Z 741mention vs use object langua
Page 774 and 775:
A-Z 743metalepsisA rhetorical trope
Page 776 and 777:
A-Z 745Ortony, A. (ed.) 1979. Metap
Page 778 and 779:
A-Z 747metrical phonologyConcept of
Page 780 and 781:
A-Z 749MienMiao-Yaomildly context-s
Page 782 and 783:
A-Z 751ReferencesNorth and Central
Page 784 and 785:
A-Z 753modal logicSpecial form of a
Page 786 and 787:
A-Z 755model1 Generally, a (formal)
Page 788 and 789:
A-Z 757modification [Lat. modificar
Page 790 and 791:
A-Z 759ReferencesBates, E. et al. 1
Page 792 and 793:
A-Z 761ReferencesBinnick, R.I. 1981
Page 794 and 795:
A-Z 763Referencesphonologymonophtho
Page 796 and 797:
A-Z 765ReferencesCann, R. 1992. For
Page 798 and 799:
A-Z 767MordvaFinno-Ugricmorph [Grk
Page 800 and 801:
A-Z 769morphemics1 In the broad sen
Page 802 and 803:
A-Z 771structuralism (cf. above und
Page 804 and 805:
A-Z 773phonemic level) into the con
Page 806 and 807:
A-Z 775motor aphasiaaphasia, Broca
Page 808 and 809:
A-Z 777Harlech-Jones, B. 1991. You
Page 810 and 811:
A-Z 779mutation [Lat. mutatio ‘ch
Page 812 and 813:
A-Z 781NNa-DenéLanguage group in N
Page 814 and 815:
A-Z 783narrative analysis [Lat. nar
Page 816 and 817:
A-Z 785nasalizationnasal harmonyNas
Page 818 and 819:
A-Z 787vocabulary acquisition. The
Page 820 and 821:
A-Z 789natural methoddirect methodn
Page 822 and 823:
A-Z 791‘negation’ refers both t
Page 824 and 825:
A-Z 793K.Verner, A. Leskien, H.Paul
Page 826 and 827:
A-Z 795neologistic paraphasia neolo
Page 828 and 829:
A-Z 797Hecaen, H. and J.Dubois. 196
Page 830 and 831:
A-Z 799ReferenceJespersen, O.P. 193
Page 832 and 833:
A-Z 801NiloticChari-Nile languagesN
Page 834 and 835:
A-Z 803nomen appellativumcommon nou
Page 836 and 837:
A-Z 805ReferencesTimberlake, A. 197
Page 838 and 839:
A-Z 807non-fluent aphasia aphasia,
Page 840 and 841:
A-Z 809non-monotonic reasoninglogic
Page 842 and 843:
A-Z 811JournalJournal of Nonverbal
Page 844 and 845:
A-Z 813ReferencesDumézil, G. 1932.
Page 846 and 847:
A-Z 815notion [Lat. notio ‘concep
Page 848 and 849:
A-Z 817ReferencesAbney, S.P. 1987.
Page 850 and 851:
A-Z 819Referencessyllable3 nucleus
Page 852 and 853:
A-Z 821NuoreseSardinianNynorckNorwe
Page 854 and 855:
A-Z 823Referencessubordinate clause
Page 856 and 857:
A-Z 825Mordes an (gen.) ‘He accus
Page 858 and 859:
A-Z 827ReferencesAlibert, L. 1935.
Page 860 and 861:
A-Z 829off-glideon-glide vs off-gli
Page 862 and 863:
A-Z 831of the Old High German conso
Page 864 and 865:
A-Z 833Old SlavicOld Church SlavicO
Page 866 and 867:
A-Z 835onomasticsScientific investi
Page 868 and 869:
A-Z 837onsetsyllableonset of voicin
Page 870 and 871:
A-Z 839overlooked that in these lin
Page 872 and 873:
A-Z 841considered the smallest unit
Page 874 and 875:
A-Z 843ReferencesAustin, J.L. 1962.
Page 876 and 877:
A-Z 845BibliographyHewes, G.W. 1974
Page 878 and 879:
A-Z 847ReferencesphoneticsOsseteIra
Page 880 and 881:
A-Z 849PPaezChibchan-PaezanPahlaviI
Page 882 and 883:
A-Z 851Referencesarticulation disor
Page 884 and 885:
A-Z 853Bhatia, T. 1988. Panjabi. Lo
Page 886 and 887:
A-Z 855by the stem and all inflecti
Page 888 and 889:
A-Z 857paralanguageparalinguistics,
Page 890 and 891:
A-Z 859assigns forms an unmarked va
Page 892 and 893:
Page 894 and 895:
A-Z 8632 In word formation, obsolet
Page 896 and 897:
A-Z 865lack thereof is the cause fo
Page 898 and 899:
A-Z 867particle [Lat. particula ‘
Page 900 and 901:
A-Z 869Referencesmiddle voice, voic
Page 902 and 903:
A-Z 871PATR-IIPATRpattern drillpatt
Page 904 and 905:
A-Z 873Pennsylvania DutchLanguage v
Page 906 and 907:
A-Z 875BibliographyGolla, V. (to ap
Page 908 and 909:
A-Z 877performative analysisHypothe
Page 910 and 911:
A-Z 879performative verbSemanticall
Page 912 and 913:
A-Z 881PermicFinno-Ugricpermutation
Page 914 and 915:
A-Z 883personMorphological category
Page 916 and 917:
A-Z 885Chase, S. 1954. The power of
Page 918 and 919:
A-Z 887Referencesapplicational-gene
Page 920 and 921:
A-Z 889phoneme1 Since the end of th
Page 922 and 923:
A-Z 891Referencesphonologyphoneme s
Page 924 and 925:
A-Z 893phonetic actIn J.L.Austin’
Page 926 and 927:
A-Z 895phoneticsLinguistic subdisci
Page 928 and 929:
A-Z 897standard pronunciation patte
Page 930 and 931:
A-Z 8991968, among others). Phonolo
Page 932 and 933:
A-Z 901Historical phonologyFisiak,
Page 934 and 935:
A-Z 903phrase structure diagramtree
Page 936 and 937:
A-Z 905phraseologyidiomaticsPhrygia
Page 938 and 939:
A-Z 907BibliographyReinecke, J. et
Page 940 and 941:
A-Z 909place of articulation (also
Page 942 and 943:
A-Z 911pleonasm [Grk pleonasmós
Page 944 and 945:
A-Z 913also plural-only nouns (scis
Page 946 and 947:
A-Z 915PolishWest Slavic language w
Page 948 and 949:
A-Z 917PolynesianApprox. thirty clo
Page 950 and 951:
A-Z 919polysyndetonThe use of more
Page 952 and 953:
A-Z 921ReferencesHockett, C.F. 1947
Page 954 and 955:
A-Z 923positivedegreepositivismNeog
Page 956 and 957:
A-Z 925ReferencesphoneticsPost-Bloo
Page 958 and 959:
A-Z 927sentences they are part of (
Page 960 and 961:
A-Z 929Phonology’) and supplement
Page 962 and 963:
A-Z 931being generalized into compl
Page 964 and 965:
A-Z 933C’s turn is more complex i
Page 966 and 967:
A-Z 935prepositional object (also o
Page 968 and 969:
A-Z 937present perfect perfect 2pre
Page 970 and 971:
A-Z 939Murphy, J., A.Rogers, and R.
Page 972 and 973:
A-Z 941Referenceshistorical grammar
Page 974 and 975:
A-Z 943principle of compositionalit
Page 976 and 977:
A-Z 945principle of expressibilityt
Page 978 and 979:
A-Z 947Suppes, P. 1972. Probabilist
Page 980 and 981:
A-Z 949pro-drop parameterThe parame
Page 982 and 983:
A-Z 951anaphora, reference, textual
Page 984 and 985:
A-Z 953Grimshaw, Jane. 1990. Argume
Page 986 and 987:
A-Z 955ReferencesClocksin, W.F. and
Page 988 and 989:
A-Z 957pronominalizationpersonal pr
Page 990 and 991:
A-Z 959proportional analogyanalogyp
Page 992 and 993:
A-Z 961intensional logic) of an ext
Page 994 and 995:
A-Z 963Referencesrhetoricprothesis
Page 996 and 997:
A-Z 965newer subdiscipline of commu
Page 998 and 999:
A-Z 967——1989. Speaking: from i
Page 1000 and 1001:
A-Z 969Redfern, W. 1984. Puns. Oxfo
Page 1002 and 1003:
A-Z 971Qq-CelticCelticqualitative a
Page 1004 and 1005:
A-Z 973structure, in generative sem
Page 1006 and 1007:
A-Z 975Aymara it is supposed to for
Page 1008 and 1009:
A-Z 977Rradical [Lat. radix ‘root
Page 1010 and 1011:
A-Z 979RajasthaniIndo-Aryanrangefun
Page 1012 and 1013:
Page 1014 and 1015:
A-Z 983Referencescase grammarrecipi
Page 1016 and 1017:
A-Z 985Haas, M.R. 1966. Historical
Page 1018 and 1019:
A-Z 987belongs to the car. The only
Page 1020 and 1021:
A-Z 989reduplicationDoubling of ini
Page 1022 and 1023:
A-Z 991Referencesreferencereferenti
Page 1024 and 1025:
A-Z 993Geniusiene, E. 1988. The typ
Page 1026 and 1027:
A-Z 995regressive assimilationassim
Page 1028 and 1029:
A-Z 997assumption of relational gra
Page 1030 and 1031:
A-Z 999relative adjectiveadjectiver
Page 1032 and 1033:
A-Z 1001Werth, P. 1985. The concept
Page 1034 and 1035:
A-Z 1003resonance chamberTerm taken
Page 1036 and 1037:
A-Z 1005towards the top and back of
Page 1038 and 1039:
A-Z 1007DictionariesDicziunari Ruma
Page 1040 and 1041:
A-Z 1009argumentation, figure of sp
Page 1042 and 1043:
A-Z 1011risingfalling vs risingrisi
Page 1044 and 1045:
A-Z 1013RomanianRumanianRomanizatio
Page 1046 and 1047:
A-Z 1015transformations include imp
Page 1048 and 1049:
A-Z 1017rule inversionTerm in (gene
Page 1050 and 1051:
A-Z 1019DialectologyAtlasul lingvis
Page 1052 and 1053:
A-Z 1021DictionariesHarrison, W. an
Page 1054 and 1055:
A-Z 1023SalishSalishanSalishanLangu
Page 1056 and 1057:
A-Z 1025SangoAdamawa-UbangiSanskrit
Page 1058 and 1059:
A-Z 1027SantaliMundaSapir-Whorf hyp
Page 1060 and 1061:
A-Z 1029Etymological dictionaryWagn
Page 1062 and 1063:
A-Z 1031schemaGeneralized knowledge
Page 1064 and 1065:
A-Z 1033scopeIn analogy to formal l
Page 1066 and 1067:
A-Z 1035‘parameters’ that are r
Page 1068 and 1069:
A-Z 1037second sound shift Old High
Page 1070 and 1071:
A-Z 1039segmentationElementary anal
Page 1072 and 1073:
A-Z 1041ReferenceNoreen, A. 1923. E
Page 1074 and 1075:
A-Z 1043semantic differentialA proc
Page 1076 and 1077:
A-Z 1045ReferenceFeather, B.W. 1965
Page 1078 and 1079:
A-Z 1047restriction, inherent seman
Page 1080 and 1081:
A-Z 1049ReferencesBarwise, J. and J
Page 1082 and 1083:
A-Z 1051ReferencesBühler, K. 1934.
Page 1084 and 1085:
A-Z 1053comprises the study of othe
Page 1086 and 1087:
A-Z 1055Haarmann, H. 1990. Language
Page 1088 and 1089:
A-Z 1057Characteristics: a series o
Page 1090 and 1091:
A-Z 1059sensory aphasia aphasia, We
Page 1092 and 1093:
A-Z 1061sentence moodGrammatical ca
Page 1094 and 1095:
A-Z 1063sententialProperty of parti
Page 1096 and 1097:
A-Z 1065alternately leads to the ex
Page 1098 and 1099:
A-Z 1067grammaticalized meaning, e.
Page 1100 and 1101:
A-Z 1069For example: the set of tra
Page 1102 and 1103:
A-Z 1071set phraseidiomset theoryBa
Page 1104 and 1105:
A-Z 1073shutteringdysfluencySiamese
Page 1106 and 1107:
A-Z 1075vs signified). In contrast
Page 1108 and 1109:
A-Z 1077Bellugi, U. and D.Newkirk.
Page 1110 and 1111:
A-Z 1079signatumsignifier vs signif
Page 1112 and 1113:
A-Z 1081singletonsetsingularSubcate
Page 1114 and 1115:
A-Z 1083Williamson, J.S. 1984. Stud
Page 1116 and 1117:
A-Z 1085thousand speakers. Old Chur
Page 1118 and 1119:
A-Z 1087the Latin alphabet with num
Page 1120 and 1121:
A-Z 1089sociolect (also social dial
Page 1122 and 1123:
A-Z 1091Black English, English, fem
Page 1124 and 1125:
A-Z 1093in Czech Brünn (town name)
Page 1126 and 1127:
A-Z 10952 In the broader sense, gen
Page 1128 and 1129:
A-Z 1097Referencesphoneticssound im
Page 1130 and 1131:
A-Z 1099sound symbolism (also phone
Page 1132 and 1133:
A-Z 1101Loukotka, Č. 1968. Classif
Page 1134 and 1135:
A-Z 1103BibliographiesBialik Huberm
Page 1136 and 1137:
A-Z 1105specifiermodifierspectral a
Page 1138 and 1139:
A-Z 1107Structure of speech actsto
Page 1140 and 1141:
A-Z 1109Franck, D. 1979. Seven sins
Page 1142 and 1143:
A-Z 1111above all on semantic relat
Page 1144 and 1145:
A-Z 1113speech perceptionspeech rec
Page 1146 and 1147:
A-Z 1115Referencessound changespoke
Page 1148 and 1149:
A-Z 1117ReferencesSapir-Whorf hypot
Page 1150 and 1151:
A-Z 1119statal verbstative vs activ
Page 1152 and 1153:
A-Z 1121steady-state sounds vs tran
Page 1154 and 1155:
A-Z 1123Eikmeyer, H.-J. and H.Riese
Page 1156 and 1157:
A-Z 1125story grammarExpansion of t
Page 1158 and 1159:
A-Z 1127stress1 In the narrow sense
Page 1160 and 1161:
A-Z 1129strict implicationimplicati
Page 1162 and 1163:
A-Z 1131structural analysisIn trans
Page 1164 and 1165:
A-Z 1133signs in the same system. T
Page 1166 and 1167:
A-Z 1135description. The following
Page 1168 and 1169:
A-Z 1137context-sensitive rules. (a
Page 1170 and 1171:
A-Z 1139Keenan, E.L. 1976. Towards
Page 1172 and 1173:
A-Z 1141ReferenceJames, F. 1986. Se
Page 1174 and 1175:
A-Z 1143The use of the term ‘subo
Page 1176 and 1177:
A-Z 1145having the same function in
Page 1178 and 1179:
A-Z 1147distinction is drawn betwee
Page 1180 and 1181:
A-Z 1149superlative [Lat. superlati
Page 1182 and 1183:
A-Z 1151suprasegmental feature (als
Page 1184 and 1185:
A-Z 1153SvanSouth Caucasiansvarabha
Page 1186 and 1187:
A-Z 1155syllabaryGenerally, the (or
Page 1188 and 1189:
A-Z 1157syllepsiszeugmasyllogism [G
Page 1190 and 1191:
A-Z 1159Term used by K.Bühler to d
Page 1192 and 1193:
A-Z 1161syncategorematic wordsynsem
Page 1194 and 1195:
A-Z 1163synecdoche [Grk ‘understa
Page 1196 and 1197:
A-Z 1165operational definition and
Page 1198 and 1199:
A-Z 1167ReferencesAbney, S. 1987. T
Page 1200 and 1201:
A-Z 1169ReferenceLyons, J. 1968. In
Page 1202 and 1203:
A-Z 1171ReferencesSchlegel, A.W. 18
Page 1204 and 1205:
A-Z 1173Ttaboo word [Polynesian tab
Page 1206 and 1207:
A-Z 1175tagmaticsThe investigation
Page 1208 and 1209:
A-Z 1177Takelma-KalapuyanPenutianTa
Page 1210 and 1211:
A-Z 1179Tarskian semantics model-th
Page 1212 and 1213:
A-Z 1181telescoped wordblendtelic v
Page 1214 and 1215:
A-Z 1183perspective of the speaker.
Page 1216 and 1217:
A-Z 1185tensed formfinite verb form
Page 1218 and 1219:
A-Z 1187text [Lat. textus ‘piece
Page 1220 and 1221:
A-Z 1189Referencesdiscourse grammar
Page 1222 and 1223:
A-Z 1191ReferencesBeaugrande, R.A.
Page 1224 and 1225:
A-Z 1193ReferencesSuter, H.-J. 1993
Page 1226 and 1227:
A-Z 1195Characteristics: tonal lang
Page 1228 and 1229:
A-Z 1197characteristics. Although e
Page 1230 and 1231:
A-Z 1199Urdang, L. 1991. Oxford the
Page 1232 and 1233:
A-Z 1201TigreSemiticTigrinyaGe’ez
Page 1234 and 1235:
A-Z 1203BibliographiesSchwentner, E
Page 1236 and 1237:
A-Z 1205Referencesphonetics, tonolo
Page 1238 and 1239:
A-Z 12072 Analysis of utterances ac
Page 1240 and 1241:
A-Z 1209ReferencesCresswell, M.J. 1
Page 1242 and 1243:
Page 1244 and 1245:
A-Z 1213features of the mother tong
Page 1246 and 1247:
A-Z 1215transformational cycleA pri
Page 1248 and 1249:
A-Z 1217——1964b. The logical ba
Page 1250 and 1251:
A-Z 1219BibliographiesDingwall, W.O
Page 1252 and 1253:
A-Z 1221transitional competenceinte
Page 1254 and 1255:
A-Z 1223ReferencesBell, R.T. 1991.
Page 1256 and 1257:
A-Z 1225transparent context opaque
Page 1258 and 1259:
A-Z 1227tree-pruning conventionIn t
Page 1260 and 1261:
A-Z 1229contribution to determining
Page 1262 and 1263:
A-Z 1231Kripke, S. 1975. Outline of
Page 1264 and 1265:
A-Z 1233years. The largest language
Page 1266 and 1267:
A-Z 1235Maynard, D. and S.Clayman.
Page 1268 and 1269:
A-Z 1237of types’ which was modif
Page 1270 and 1271:
A-Z 1239ReferencesGrammarsBilodid,
Page 1272 and 1273:
A-Z 1241transitive verb with its in
Page 1274 and 1275:
A-Z 1243realized form becomes more
Page 1276 and 1277:
A-Z 1245signals the inconsistency.
Page 1278 and 1279:
A-Z 1247unilateral implicationimpli
Page 1280 and 1281:
A-Z 1249universal grammar1 general
Page 1282 and 1283:
A-Z 1251Articulatory change (usuall
Page 1284 and 1285:
A-Z 1253ReferencesComputational Lin
Page 1286 and 1287:
A-Z 1255uvularSpeech sound classifi
Page 1288 and 1289:
A-Z 1257In the older literature bas
Page 1290 and 1291:
A-Z 1259variablevariabilityvariable
Page 1292 and 1293:
A-Z 1261——1988b. Sociolinguisti
Page 1294 and 1295:
A-Z 1263VepsFinno-Ugricverb [Lat. v
Page 1296 and 1297:
A-Z 1265verbal adjectivegerundiveve
Page 1298 and 1299:
A-Z 1267vibrant (also trill)Speech
Page 1300 and 1301:
A-Z 1269vocal cords [Lat. vocalis
Page 1302 and 1303:
A-Z 1271changes, e.g. Everybody lov
Page 1304 and 1305:
A-Z 1273voicing assimilationassimil
Page 1306 and 1307:
A-Z 1275*Occurs as first element in
Page 1308 and 1309:
A-Z 1277vowel gradationablautvowel
Page 1310 and 1311:
A-Z 1279WappoGulf languagesWarlpiri
Page 1312 and 1313:
A-Z 1281principle holds only for ce
Page 1314 and 1315:
A-Z 1283West AtlanticBranch of the
Page 1316 and 1317:
A-Z 1285wh-wordinterrogative pronou
Page 1318 and 1319:
A-Z 1287and morphological levels, e
Page 1320 and 1321:
A-Z 1289formation find their expres
Page 1322 and 1323:
A-Z 1291refers to preferences perta
Page 1324 and 1325:
A-Z 1293word stress stress 2word st
Page 1326 and 1327:
A-Z 1295written language1 Generally
Page 1328 and 1329:
A-Z 1297ReferencesBresnan, J. 1977.
Page 1330 and 1331:
A-Z 1299ReferencesFishman, J.A. 196
Page 1332 and 1333:
A-Z 1301YumanHokanYuorokAlgonquianY
Page 1334 and 1335:
A-Z 1303zeugma [Grk zeũgma ‘bond
show all

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