Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 359Referencesfigure of speechemphaticTerm commonly used in Arabic linguistics for pharyngealized ( pharyngeal) orvelarized ( velar) speech sounds. ( also secondary articulation)empiricism [Grk émpeiros ‘experienced’]In psychology an approach based on English positivism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume), whichviews experience as the foundation of all understanding. This contrasts with nativism,which sees innate ideas as the basis for all cognitive development. As a methodologicalprinciple, namely ensuring the verifiability of knowledge through observable experience,empiricism plays a decisive role in the behaviorist views of language acquisition. (also antimentalism, behaviorism, stimulus-response)Referencesbehaviorism, language acquisition, stimulus-responseempractical use of languageTerm coined by K.Bühler, denoting communication by means of isolated, syntacticallyirregular or incomplete linguistic elements whose meaning is determined through‘practical’ use in the given situation and which in turn is sympractically embedded, e.g.the customer to the café waiter: Bill, please; or the commuter at the ticket counter: SanFrancisco and back. ( also sympractical field of language)ReferencesBühler, K. 1934. Sprachtheorie. Jena. (Repr. Stuttgart, 1965.)