Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 787vocabulary acquisition. The natural approach has become a well-established approach inforeign-language instruction. ( also language pedagogy, second languageacquisition)ReferencesBrown, J.M. and A.S.Palmer. 1988. The listening approach: methods and materials for applyingKrashen ‘s input hypothesis. New York.Krashen, S.D. 1982. Principles and practice in second language acquisition. New York.——1985. The input hypothesis: issues and implications. London.Krashen, S.D. and T.Terrell. 1983. The natural approach: language acquisition in the classroom.Oxford.Richards, J.C. and T.S.Rodgers. 1986. Approaches and methods in language teaching. Cambridge.Terrell, T.D. 1977. A natural approach to second language acquisition and learning. MLJ 61. 325–36.natural classSet of sounds (phones) for which it is the case that fewer features are required todescribe the class as a whole than to describe any given member of the class, e.g. [p, b,m] form the class of bilabial consonants in English.natural generative grammarGeneral language theory developed by R. Bartsch and T.Vennemann (1972) on the basisof categorial grammar. The following theoretical principles, most of which resultedfrom objections to generative transformational grammar, underlie natural generativegrammar. (a) The objective of description is not the unconscious linguistic knowledge ofa competent speaker, but rather the grammatical process through which semantic,syntactic, and phonological representations are related to each other ( semantics,syntax, phonology). The empirical verifiability and justification of the hypothesis isguaranteed by the observation of regularities in language acquisition, use, and change. (b)The syntax is formulated categorically on the basis of predicate logic, expanded toinclude intensional predicates and pragmatic sentence operators ( logical connective).In this way, syntactic structures are not represented through a coincidental coexistence ofconstituents, but rather through logical relations of operator-operand, which can bedirectly interpreted semantically. (c) This modified categorial grammar is also the basisfor the development of a universal word order syntax which follows the principle ofnatural serialization ( word order). This principle states that all languages of the