Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

Dictionary of language and linguistics 964‘cue validity’; thus, twittering is less typical and specific to birds than flying (by one’sown strength). The determination of the typical features of a category is the task oflexical semantics, and, as prototype theory has been extended to grammatical categories,also of grammar. In principle, the typical features of a category do not correspond to thenecessary and sufficient conditions of the membership in a category; thus, melon is notypical berry, although botanically it is classified as such. The meaning of a word is thusan ‘idealized cognitive model’ (ICM) or a social stereotype. The main question is alwayswhether a central, most typical feature, i.e. a ‘basic meaning,’ can be found. To thedegree that this is impossible, the prototypically organized structure of a word meaningdisintegrates into ‘prototypical effects.’ReferencesColeman, L. and P.Kay, 1981. Prototype semantics: the English word I.II . Language 57. 26–44.Fillmore, J.C. 1975. An alternative to checklist theories of meaning. In C.Cogen et al. (eds).Proceedings of the first annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistic Society. Berkeley. CA. 123–31.——1982. Towards a descriptive framework for spatial deixis. In R.J.Jarvella and W.Klein (eds),Speech, place and action. London. 31–59.Geeraerts, D. 1983. Prototype theory and diachronic semantics: a case study. IF 88. 1–32.Janicki, K. 1990. On the predecessors of prototype linguistics. Nordlyd, 16. 59–71.Kleiber, G. 1990. La semantique du prototype: categories et sens lexical. Paris.Lakoff, G. 1987. Women, fire and dangerous things: what categories reveal about the mind.Chicago and London.Rosch, E. 1973. Natural categories. CPsy 4.328–50.——1978. Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch and B.Lloyd (eds), Cognition andcategorization. Hillsdale, NJ. 27–48.Taylor, J.R. 1991. Linguistic categorization. Oxford.Tsohatsidis, S. 1990. Meaning and prototypes: studies in linguistic categorization. London.stereotypeProvençalOccitanproxemics [Lat. proximum ‘neighborhood,vicinity’]Word coined by E.T.Hall from prox- and -emic ( etic vs emic analysis) to designatestudies dealing with the differing perception and interpretation of spaces and its influenceon communicative behavior in various cultural spheres. Proxemics (like kinesics) is a