Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 253ReferencesLewis, D. 1969. Convention: a philosophical study. Cambridge, MA.Quine, W.V. 1936. Truth by convention. In O.H.Lee (ed.), Philosophical essays for A.N.Whitehead. New York, 90–124.Searle, J.R. 1969. Speech acts: an essay in the philosophy of language. Cambridge.Shwayder, D. 1965. The stratification of behavior. New York.Strawson, P.F. 1964. Intention and convention in speech acts. PhR. 73. 439–60.speech act theoryconvergence areatransitional areaconversation analysis (alsoethnomethodological conversation analysis)An area of empirical research developed from ethnomethodology, conversation analysisis represented primarily in the studies of H.Sacks, E.Schegloff, and G.Jefferson. Sacks’earlier studies emphasized the properties of practical reasoning (see Garfinkel and Sacks1970), i.e. devices and techniques used by participants in producing and interpretingsocial events like telling a story or a joke (see Sacks 1972, 1978; Sacks et al. 1974). Laterstudies concerned with reconstructing the ‘orderliness’ of conversations as participants’accomplishments have been most influential on discourse analysis. Of interest arerecurring patterns and their structural properties in the overall organization ofconversations. The most dominant and effective device in organizing interaction is seenin the local, turn-by-turn management ( sequential organization) of turn-takingwhich reflects the participation of all parties in structuring the interaction. In the way theyhandle turn-taking and turns, participants display their under-standing of the evolvingactivities: their interpretation of the preceding turn and their expectations for thefollowing turn(s) ( adjacency pair, conditional relevance, preference, recipientdesign). Thus, conversations are considered to be products of participants’ work overtime. This basic assumption constitutes one of the main differences between conversationanalysis and other approaches in discourse analysis, in particular that of discoursegrammar and speech act theory (see Streeck 1980; Levinson 1983).ReferencesAtkinson, J.M. and J.Heritage (eds) 1984. The structure of social actions. Cambridge.Drew, P. and J.Heritage (eds) 1993. Talk at work: interaction in institutional settings. Cambridge.