Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 859assigns forms an unmarked value which can be changed in the course of languageacquisition on the basis of external evidence (i.e. the data). According to the currentrange of the grammar, the syntactically most local domain is assumed to be unmarked; itwill be broadened to a less local domain, if there is a conflict with the data of theindividual language (cf. domain extension). Parameters allow core grammaticalproblems to be formulated more flexibly by leaving certain details ‘open’ (see Yang 1983on binding theory). On the other hand, parameters also interact with specific prognosesabout language acquisition mechanisms and with theories of the markedness ofindividual languages (see Manzini and Wexler 1988).ReferencesHyams, N. (ed.) 1986. Language acquisition and the theory of parameters. Dordrecht.Manzini, R. and K.Wexler. 1988. Parameters, binding theory and learnability. LingI 18. 413–44.Roeper, T. and E.Williams (eds) 1987. Parameter setting. Dordrecht.Yang, D.W. 1983. The extended binding theory of anaphors. LangR 19. 169–92.paraphasia [Grk phásis ‘utterance,expression’]In neurolinguistics, term denoting a characteristic of patients with aphasia (in particularWernicke’s aphasia). Three kinds of paraphasia are traditionally distinguished: (a)phonemic or literal paraphasia: the simplification of consonant clusters (e.g. ‘paghetti’for spaghetti), the permutation of sounds (e.g. ‘lispper’ for slipper), or the anticipation ofa later sound (e.g. ‘partender’ for carpenter); (b) semantic or verbal paraphasia: thechoice of a word of the same syntactic category with a close semantic relation to theintended word (‘cup’ for kettle); such paraphasia can be evoked by visual associations(e.g. ‘banana’ for sausage); (c) neologistic paraphasia ( neologism). ( alsoparagrammatism)ReferencesButterworth, B. 1979. Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargonaphasia. B&L 8. 133–61.Caplan, D. 1987. Neurolinguistic and linguistic aphasiology. Cambridge.Freud, S. 1891. Zur Auffassung der Aphasien. Vienna.——1901. Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens. Vienna.Fromkin, V. (ed.) 1973. Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The Hague.——(ed.) 1980. Errors in linguistic performance. New York.