Routledge Dictionary of Language and Linguistics.pdf

A-Z 813ReferencesDumézil, G. 1932. Introduction a l’étude comparative des langues caucasiennes du nord. Paris.Kibrik, A.E. et al. 1977. Opyt strukturnogo opisanija arčinskogo jazyka. Moscow.Schulze, W. 1988. Noun classification and ergative construction in East Caucasian languages. In F.Thordarson (ed.) Studia caucasologica. Oslo. 251–74.Smeets, R. and D.M.Job. 1994. The indigenous languages of the Caucasus, vol. 3: The North-EastCaucasian languages I. New York.Caucasian languagesNorth Germanic Germanic,ScandinavianNorth-West Caucasian (also AbkhaziAdyge)Language group in the northwestern Caucasus with approx. 600,000 speakers and fivelanguages: Abkhaz, Abaza, Adyge, Kabard, and the nearly extinct Ubykh in Turkey.Characteristics: these languages are known for their very simple vowel system (onlytwo vowels are hypothesized) which contrasts with a very rich consonant system with upto eighty sounds. Simple case system (ergative), complex verb conjugation andagreement. Gender system (masculine, feminine, impersonal).ReferencesColarusso, J. 1975. The Northwest Caucasian languages: a phonological survey. Cambridge, MA.Hewitt, B.G. 1979. Abkhaz. Amsterdam.——(ed.) 1989. The indigenous languages of the Caucasus, vol. 2: The North-West Caucasianlanguages. Delmar, NY.Caucasian languagesNorwegianNorth Germanic (Scandinavian) language with approx. 4.5 million speakers; since1907, Norwegian has consisted of two officially recognized forms, Bokmål ‘booklanguage’ (formerly R icksmål ‘language of the empire’), a Norwegianized version of