INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY 7th JOINT - IOA

processes can be intensified in terms of: the increasing number and
size of sport INGOs and national governing bodies of sport which
consist the INGOs; or the expansion of involvement or ideals that
sport INGOs cooperated with other governmental organizations. Sport
INGOs tend to be composed of area/event-specific organizations with
national governing bodies of sport either regionally or locally
involving different levels of sport actors. Sport IGOs consist of such
governmentally-based organizations as UNESCO, European Union
and the Council of Europe 11 that deal with particular aspects of sport,
such as youths sport, doping and violence.
There are various levels of sport international non-governmental
organizations - at global, national, regional, sub-regional and
interregional levels - and it is possible to have various ways of
analysis. The establishment and significance of sport INGOs have
dramatically increased paralleled by the commercialization of sport
and the increase of international sport competitions (see Houlihan,
2003b). Although there are overlaps in aims and values, sport INGOs
can be divided into two: one is established around the Olympic
Movement; and second is organized depending on different sports
under each international sports federations (IFs) 12 . In each country,
major sport is controlled by the IFs that make it possible to maintain
and apply the uniformity of rules and to cooperate and coordinate
international competitions and fixtures (Houlihan, 1994: 60). The
national federations are affiliated with the IFs, and the sub-set of local
and regional bodies are affiliated with national federations. The other
cluster of sport organizations is constituted governmentally as sport
IGOs that will not be examined in this paper due to the restriction of
space.
Sport INGOs - the Olympic Movement
The organizations associated with the Olympic Movement can be
comprehensively mapped out. The supreme authority of the Olympic
Movement is the International Olympic Committee (IOC) that
consisted of representatives from nation-states and its members act as
‘ambassadors’ to their countries from IOC (Essex and Chalkley, 1999:
187). The aim of IOC is largely acknowledged to promote the
Olympism in accordance with the Olympic Charter, top-level sports
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