INTERNATIONAL OLYMPIC ACADEMY 7th JOINT - IOA

10 There has been increasing criticism on the urban transformation and the
negative impacts of constructing the new sport facilities and dissemination of
pollution (see Essex and Chalkley, 1998).
11 Although this paper does not examine the involvement of sport IGOs, they
increasingly play a significance role in arrangements and cooperation with sport
INGOs and government. Parrish (2003), for example, examines to what degree
EU use sport to implement other policy objectives. See also, Henry (2003) and
the example of the Council of Europe: http://www.coe.int/T/E/Cultural_Cooperation/Sport/.
12 Because of the restrictions of the space, the issues on IFs will not be argued,
although the significance of IFs needs to be noted here in a way that they restrict
national bodies and athletes in terms of registration and competition.
13 As Miller et al note, however, there was a relative transformation of sport
from amateur-based sporting bodies to a full-blown corporate entities, which
mean that the amateur national sporting organizations change their nature to
have CEOs or managers for advertising, marketing, and public relations, and are
relied on the private and/or the state sector for support (2001: 108).
14 The concept of Sport for All, for instance, conceives the practice of sport as
‘human right’ and sport as ‘valuable educational tool’ through the promotion of
physical education and to improve ‘quality of life through increased physical
activity and fitness’ (1998 and 2000 World Sport for All Congress). The
International Coordinating Committee for Sport for All Organisations (ICSA) is
in cooperation with such sport INGOs: International Council of Sports Science
and Physical Education (ICSSPE); International Labour Sports Confederation
(CSIT); International Sport for All Federation (FISPT); International Assembly
of National Organizations of Sport (IANOS); and Trim and Fitness International
Sport for All Association (TAFISA).
Furthermore, the World Congress on Sport for All has been organized since
1986 and funded by the World Health Organization (WHO), UNESCO and
GAISF since 1996, which cooperation forms international policy regime of
ICSA.
15 See http://www.olympic.org/uk/organizsation/missions/truce ; Hill, 1992.
16 By representing all sports and disabilities, IPC is formed with 160 National
Paralympic Committees (NPC) maintaining and being secured its
interdependency from the IOC and organizes the multi-disability competitions,
the Paralympic Games (http://www.paralympic.org/, as of April 2004). The
number of countries participating in the Paralympic Games is steadily
increasing, especially in Summer Games.
17 The Athens Olympic Games of 2004 is the first time to govern anti-doping
through the Code to ensure the rules and regulations across all sports and all
countries, and at the same time governments are urged to implement the policy
on anti-doping.
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