Handbook of air conditioning and refrigeration / Shan K

CHAPTER 9
REFRIGERANTS,
REFRIGERATION CYCLES,
AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS
9.1 REFRIGERATION AND REFRIGERATION
SYSTEMS 9.2
9.2 REFRIGERANTS 9.3
Refrigerants, Cooling Media, and Liquid
Absorbents 9.3
Azeotropic, Near Azeotropic, and
Zeotropic 9.3
Numbering of Refrigerants 9.4
9.3 PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS
OF REFRIGERANTS 9.5
Safety Requirements 9.5
Effectiveness of Refrigeration Cycle 9.5
Evaporating and Condensing
Pressures 9.6
Oil Miscibility 9.6
Inertness 9.6
Thermal Conductivity 9.6
Refrigeration Capacity 9.6
Physical Properties 9.6
Operating Characteristics 9.6
9.4 PHASEOUT OF OZONE DEPLETION
REFRIGERANTS 9.7
Refrigerant Use 9.7
Ozone Depletion and Global Warming
Potentials 9.7
Phaseout of CFCs, Halons, and
HCFCs 9.10
Montreal Protocol and Clean Air Act 9.10
Action and Measures 9.11
Status of CFC Replacements 9.13
9.5 CLASSIFICATION OF
REFRIGERANTS 9.13
Hydrofluorocarbons 9.13
Azeotropic HFC 9.14
Near-Azeotropic HFC 9.14
Zeotropic HFC 9.15
HCFCs and Their Zeotropes 9.15
Inorganic Compounds 9.16
CFCs, Halons, and Their Zeotropes 9.16
9.6 REFRIGERATION PROCESSES AND
REFRIGERATION CYCLES 9.16
Refrigeration Processes 9.16
Refrigeration Cycles 9.17
Unit of Refrigeration 9.17
9.7 GRAPHICAL AND ANALYTICAL
EVALUATION OF REFRIGERATION 9.17
Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram 9.17
Temperature-Entropy Diagram 9.18
Analytical Evaluation of Cycle
Performance 9.19
9.8 CARNOT REFRIGERATION CYCLE 9.19
Performance of Carnot Refrigeration
Cycle 9.19
9.9 COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE OF
REFRIGERATION CYCLE 9.21
9.10 SINGLE-STAGE IDEAL VAPOR
COMPRESSION CYCLE 9.22
Flow Processes 9.22
Cycle Performance 9.22
Determination of Enthalpy by
Polynomials 9.24
Refrigeration Effect, Refrigerating Load,
and Refrigerating Capacity 9.25
9.11 SUBCOOLING AND
SUPERHEATING 9.26
Subcooling 9.26
Superheating 9.26
9.12 MULTISTAGE VAPOR COMPRESSION
SYSTEMS 9.29
Compound Systems 9.29
Interstage Pressure 9.30
Flash Cooler and Intercooler 9.31
9.13 TWO-STAGE COMPOUND SYSTEM
WITH A FLASH COOLER 9.31
Flow Processes 9.31
Fraction of Evaporated Refrigerant in
Flash Cooler 9.31
Enthalpy of Vapor Mixture Entering
Second-Stage Impeller 9.32
Coefficient of Performance 9.33
Characteristics of Two-Stage Compound
System with Flash Cooler 9.33
9.14 THREE-STAGE COMPOUND SYSTEM
WITH A TWO-STAGE FLASH
COOLER 9.35
Flow Processes 9.35
Fraction of Refrigerant Vaporized in
Flash Cooler 9.35
Coefficient of Performance of
Three-Stage System 9.38
9.15 TWO-STAGE COMPOUND
SYSTEM WITH A VERTICAL
INTERCOOLER 9.38
Comparison between Flash Cooler and
Vertical Coil Intercooler 9.40
9.1