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Between the two wars, a dynamic Jewish life pulsated in hundreds of towns of independent Poland. Despite the economic difficulties of the Jewish masses in Poland and the many anti- Semitic vexations both by the government and the Christian population, Jews participated in all possible phases of life. And our small Libivne was no exception. FROM DAILY LIFE WHEN LIFE PULSATED By Benjamin Rosenzweig o ; .;, ; :16 140 Naturally, though their work could not be compared to the many-faceted activities of the Jewish organizations in such neighboring centers as Rovno, Kovel, and Chelm, Luboml and its Jewish inhabitants, especially the youth, were active in various domains of local Jewish life. This was reflected particularly in the work of organizations, institutions, and parties. 116 o 4te !, - 3/4:477° ake , 44'41° 1 41 1 . a4t Ir It ' 04111* 0404 ! 4tir .44teie,. 'frkge41, 44,1 eAlfte. (4. °kJ The municipal council bestowing the title of "Honorary Citizen" on the governor of the Luboml region. Seated at extreme right is the Jewish deputy mayor, Yakov Shtern.
One of the most important institutions was the Jewish gemine, or kehila (organized Jewish community). The kehila, in conjunction with the municipality, had a tremendous influence on the Jewish community in Libivne. It is therefore no wonder that Jewish interest in the functioning of the kehila was always great and that there were always controversies over its decisions among the various sectors of the Libivne Jews. The fights in and about the kehila were not always about economic interests. Its concerns also encompassed local Jewish and general Jewish problems. It was for this reason that the various political parties strove so hard to have an ever stronger position in it. Whenever the elections to the kehila were approaching, the atmosphere in town became cheerfulgatherings in the synagogues and in the shtibls; street meetings; talks and fights in private homes. The assemblies were heated affairs. Quite often they had to be interrupted; at times they grew into general free-for-alls. There were vital interests for which people fought. We must not forget that the kehila had the power to tax the Jews in order to carry out some of the purposes permitted it by the government. The Libivne kehila was established around 1923-24. Elections were held every four years, and the following officers were elected for the 1926-30 term: chairmanMoyshe Reyzman; secretaryShimon Shor, the former official government-appointed rabbi for the town; and his alternateMoyshe Greenberg; Hershl Lifshitz, Yitshak Shloyme Sirtchuk, Moyshe Sfard, Meyer Landgeyer, and Shepsl Rabinovich. In 1935, the chairman was Meyer Yitshak Veytsfrucht, who was also head of Libivne Mizrachi (Orthodox Zionist Party); the secretary was Moyshe Lifshitz. The executive board consisted of Yisroel Mekler, Hersh' Lifshitz, Yehoshua Grimatlicht, Moyshe Kaufman, Aron Rusman, Yitshak Dubetsky, and Yankl Peretszon, and they served until 1939. New elections to the kehila took place in 1939, the year of the outbreak of the war. The new council members were: chairmanAsher Tenenboym; membersAvrom Grimatlicht, Yankl Peretszon, Avrom Lichtmacher, Motl FROM DAILY LIFE 141 Krayzer, Velvl Sheynvald, Nachum Shtern, and Yosl Berger. Town Hall was the shtetl's economic nervecenter. In the first elections of the early 1920s all 12 elected members of the town council were Jewish. The position of mayor was, naturally, to be Jewish too. The Poles, however, did not like the whole business and looked for all kinds of excuses to invalidate the elections. And because they had a strong "pull," they naturally achieved their purpose. According to a new plan, the shtetl was subdivided into regions, and neighboring villages were attached to each region. This ruse created a situation where the Jews, instead of being a majority, became a minority because of the newly added non-Jewish population of the villages. And the result was that the number of Jewish representatives in the kehila was reduced at first to eight and later to four. The municipal officers were: the mayora Pole; the vice-mayora Ukrainian; secretarya Jew, Yankl Shtern. During the last days before the war, Yankl Shtern served as a deputy to the city's mayor. I remember some of the names of people on the city council (at various times): Moyshe Klerer (Revisionist party), Motl Privner (Poale Tsion), Yitshak Handlsman (Artisan), Shaye Sheyntop (Bund), Shimon Shor, Moyshe Esterzon, Asher Rusman, Zhenye Afeldman. Just as in the other Polish towns, the Poles of Libivne also appointed a committee to beautify the appearance of the shtetl. The committee had a "beautiful" name, but its hidden purpose was to weaken the economic base of the Jews. Under the guise of beautifying the shtetl, and in the name of better sanitary conditions, the Poles introduced a motion in the city council to transfer the marketplace to an area outside the town. As in other towns, the marketplace was actually the main source of livelihood for most of the Jewish population. Moving the marketplace would have been an economic death-knell for the Libivner Jews. The Jews therefore strongly opposed the proposed plan, and with much effort succeeded in seeing to it that the marketplace would remain where it was. The
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ovs.4 LAO c ST. f.rx to, r POST 0.
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Previous pages: The Great Synagogue
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11. o. o , _J Jr- ,a0 _ A -;-.
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Foreword to the English Translation
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FIGHTERS ON THE FRONT AND IN THE FO
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FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO THE ORIGINAL YIZ
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HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN
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HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN
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THE EARLY DAYS THE HISTORY OF LUBOM
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egion, robbing, plundering, and mur
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More striking is the comparison wit
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il'7t*/ l'53'Iti,1 1,1" 3, trnn,,$3
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for other local revenue. In 1611, a
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history was connected with the regi
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(May 5, 1626), he set the following
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A craftsman may not keep an apprent
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agree, he shall be punished as the
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Maidansky" and Ben-Tsiyon Datil." T
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Natanson "for making a mistake and
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Torah. At the end of his life, he m
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answer is more complicated than for
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than in any of his previous or late
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placed by the Jews of those times u
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three rabbis from Amsterdam turned
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Lubomla (1617). As usual, there fol
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Betsalel son of R. Shloyme of Kobri
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against a rival. He signs: "Declare
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and had a pleasant, modern appearan
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1 Slovnik Geografitshny Polsky. 2 D
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written that Reb Gedaliah died in 5
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earth to a great thickness on all s
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ments from the Temple [in Jerusalem
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to their villages singing hoarsely
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THE EARLY DAYS else in a store or a
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the end of Friday evening services
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Forward-looking and enlightened par
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pedestrians. It was filled with the
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synagogue, perplexed as to why they
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these bands, though the town itself
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Epshteyn, who later was replaced by
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The whole district of Libivne had,
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Lyuba Shames-Vishnits, Yehudit Tsur
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I. tr. Members of HeChalutz, 1931.
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Jewish youth were living with a gre
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WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH By Yi
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ullet hadn 't even touched him. Und
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certain extent, even into areas aro
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spread cultural activities that las
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Kochba, which ran for quite some ti
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drim.....10.0010111100.1111111101.1
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Among these youths was a studentsti
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ish residents in captured territori
Page 113 and 114: pair of horses we'd had since the G
Page 115 and 116: Hebrew Teachers Come to Our Town As
Page 117 and 118: In my day there were three rabbis i
Page 119 and 120: A JEWISH POSTAGE STAMP Luboml-Libiv
Page 121 and 122: THE ANCIENT LEDGER THAT WENT ASTRAY
Page 123 and 124: LIFE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND CREATIVIT
Page 131 and 132: years old. Those trees were cared f
Page 133 and 134: of worship took upon themselves the
Page 135 and 136: LUBOML'S ECONOMIC SITUATION UP TO 1
Page 137 and 138: eal shoes walked barefoot until the
Page 139 and 140: My hometown Libivne [Luboml], is lo
Page 141 and 142: There was a Jew, Shamele Protsentni
Page 147 and 148: I came originally from Volkovisk. S
Page 149 and 150: Of all the holidays observed in our
Page 151 and 152: orchard. We often became involved i
Page 153 and 154: THE JEWS OF THE VILLAGE OF STAVKE B
Page 155 and 156: AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A JEWISH DAUGHTER
Page 163: LIFE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND CREATIVIT
Page 167 and 168: FROM DAILY LIFE 143 fir://,6- -A /)
Page 169 and 170: THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE By Yakov Hetman
Page 171 and 172: , .t. ,L., -I F.: FROM DAILY LIFE 1
Page 173 and 174: THE SYNAGOGUES AND CHASIDIM IN OUR
Page 175 and 176: The Bet HaMidrash also served as a
Page 177 and 178: interpret it all by myself. He was
Page 179 and 180: Three other houses of worship were
Page 181 and 182: SABBATH EVE IN THE SHTETL By Yitsha
Page 183 and 184: go into the rebbe's room one by one
Page 185 and 186: Whenever I reminisce about my homet
Page 187 and 188: In describing the daily life of our
Page 189 and 190: leading to the bath itself closed a
Page 191 and 192: from 150 pounds down to 100 in orde
Page 193 and 194: When the two men came to fix the wi
Page 195 and 196: 1.-yr} ,.7)15r1 1.6 ',"f)') . :.1"1
Page 197 and 198: Judging him by his character, we ca
Page 199 and 200: The story of the rescue of Luboml's
Page 201 and 202: Dovid Veytsfrucht (London) was know
Page 203 and 204: then was up in years, though strict
Page 205 and 206: R. Moyshe Yitshak Kagan R. MOYSHE Y
Page 207 and 208: Moyshe Fuks, Yitshak Leyb Blumen, L
Page 209 and 210: °- issue, my older brother Motl, t
Page 211 and 212: The mill and the electricity-produc
Page 213 and 214: The whole time I was in America I a
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IIinseauin a short peasant jacket m
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He was also a member of the Chevra
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son, Asher, would always come to hi
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made sheepskin winter hats called k
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E.- The scroll of Esther %IN/1311v
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CHARACTERS AND PERSONALITIES 201 Ra
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SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND EDUCATIONAL A
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EDUCATION AND CULTURE IN LUBOML 191
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IMPORTANT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES By Ye
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THE HEBREW HOME OF YAKOV BLUMEN By
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sleep and only the youth went outsi
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one side and go out on the other si
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forbade refugees in areas less than
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THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES By Yisroel L
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After that I saw many instances whe
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AS REFUGEES IN LUBOML By Rochl Melt
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OIL PRODUCTION IN THE GHETTO By Nat
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several other Jewish young men were
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THE JOURNEY FROM SPIRITUAL DESTRUCT
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Everyone joined in the hunt after t
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THE ANNIHILATION CHRONOLOGY OF DEST
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the brick factory stood and where f
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day we were still 12; todayonly one
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y the German police. Many children,
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their shovels. If they did not, the
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us, and every time we went to work
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Jews have already been taken." But
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The first Jewish victim in Libivne
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DURING THE HORRIBLE DAYS By Yakov E
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I SAW THIS WITH MY OWN EYES By Mash
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PRESS ARTICLES ABOUT THE KOVALCHUK
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From the Tog-Morgn Zhurnal, Wednesd
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attempting to appear to the Philade
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half-hour. Suddenly, an SS man with
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Shtreichera cousin to the one menti
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killed there. In spite of the dange
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FROM THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET EZEKIE
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her two children, another of his co
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woods. Here they built bunkers in w
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RESCUED FROM THE BIG FIRE By Rochl
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Passover came and a new exterminati
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Moscowa doctor, a prosecutor and tw
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Kampyoni, who had a good relationsh
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pieces of gold with me, and he exch
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coffee house with strange men. Afte
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As soon as the Russian army left, w
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ON A UKRAINIAN PASSPORT By Shmuel a
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milk and asked me what I wanted. I
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IN THE SHADOW OF DEATH By Chaike Ko
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long as I live, I will never forget
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to him longer than with the Grimatl
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A PRISONER OF WAR WITH THE GERMANS
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The schedule was the same as in the
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On our way, we decided to split int
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NEVER SAYZOG NISHT KEINMOL!!! Parti
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IN THE GHETTO, IN THE FOREST, AND W
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AS A POLE WITH THE PARTISANS By Jos
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waited a few hours, but the Judenra
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The Germans entered Libivne in 1939
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Mendl Zilberman as a Polish soldier
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CHAYIM ROZENBLIT: PARTISAN AND SOLD
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Like all other Jewish shtetls, Libi
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My sister Freyde, the daughter of L
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Nachman Weissman (z"1.) as a soldie
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FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE By Yisroel
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THE PARENTS WHO DID NOT MAKE IT By
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THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BENEVOLENT SO
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THE SURVIVORS AND THE RETURN TO LIF
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LIBIVNER JEWS IN ARGENTINA By Zelik
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THE FORMATION AND ACTIVITIES OF THE
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MEMORIAL PRAYER IN MEMORY OF THE HO
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THESE ARE THE NAMES OF ALL THE HOLY
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Dimetshteyn Avrom; wife; children D
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Frimerman Moyshe; wife, Sosl; child
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Hak Binyomen; wife; children Ben-Ts
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Krelin Meyer-Chayim; wife; children
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Avrom; wife; children Pinye (Tchode
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Privner Motl; wife, Chaye; son, Eli
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Yehuda Moyshe-Yoyne; wife, Roze; so
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Tsvirn Chayim; wife, Malke; son, Sh
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Zhelaznik Beyle (from Dubenko) Zieg
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398 (Y"Y) 10711 11n733 ri4nDi -or ,
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400 Luboml, Lubomla, mko rzad., pow
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Warm, Vibrant Shtetl Life on the Br
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A Return to LubomlAnd Dark, Distant
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406 happened, where history explode
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Oct. 1, 1993 The Sheltering Sky How
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April 14, 1995 In 1938 Esther Ziege
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412 also served as a Guest Curator
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414 Luboml's embrace is expansive.
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The Road to Luboml A Writer Retrace
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418 A local official listens, refus
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420 LUBOML and shrieks: "Don't take
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422 her home to see her icons. "She
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424 Mr. Dzei has amassed a formidab
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March 30, 1996 An Effort to Restore
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GREAT BRITAIN London* Europe 1937 *
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