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8 LUBOML
1560s, particularly after the Lublin Confederation,
became even more intensive. Jewish communities
became larger, Jewish towns sprang up
around the big cities, and later on there was an
increase in the number of outlying Jewish village
communities."
This was a direct result of a comprehensive
colonization program undertaken by the great
landowners of Volhynia, Podolia, and the Ukraine
in the second half of the 16th century.
In that same period, a number of new towns
were built in which many Jews settled. These
Jews came from a number of places in Poland,
particularly from towns where they had waged
an unceasing struggle with Christian citizens
(mieshtchanes city dwellers) who were against
giving Jews the right to live among them. Many
Jews, weak and worn out from the struggle, gave
up their positions and emigrated to the eastern
portions of the country, where, according to law,
the towns were the private possessions of the new
landowners who had built them.
These newly landed nobles were interested
in the rapid growth and development of their
towns and therefore were willing to give Jews
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who settled there considerable rights. Hence there
were no limitations on trade or handicrafts nor on
the conditions of colonization and establishing
residency.
All commerce was concentrated in the hands
of Jews, including the artisan trades and a number
of industries connected with agriculture.
The Jews enjoyed the right to vote for district
councils and were free from paying taxes and
payments to the royal coffers.
This was all done to provide favorable terms
for development. In those towns the Jews aligned
themselves with the middle class, an alliance
that every owner of a town was interested in
promoting. The above description of the situation
was given by B. Gelber."
A similar picture of the Jewish situation in
Volhynia at that time is presented by another
well-known Jewish historian, Raphael Mahler.
He specifically emphasizes the economic side of
development and the Jewish professions. He
writes:
The strongly developed commercialization of
the Polish estates was connected with the growth of
agricultural exports and was tied to the rise of a
significant liquor industry that had already in the
16th and especially in the 17th century brought a
large number of Jews significant wealth."
This sort of estate was widespread throughout
the southeastern part of Poland and in
Volhynia.
In Volhynia as in other southeastern regions,
Polish-Russian magnates often gave their Jewish
lessees, along with a lease, income in cash and
the power of administration over their entire
province, including the shtetls. These lessees
would rule over the territory of the landowner
and the accompanying farmers.
It is important to keep this in mind, for
Luboml found itself among the places where
these processes were taking place, and it could
not remain untouched by them. We saw earlier
that Luboml Jews had become lessors, and later
we find them again as lesseeson quite a large
scale.
We know of a Jew from Luboml who was a
lessee on a large scale in the first half of the 17th
century. His name was Shmuel Aronovitch and
he was a whisky wholesaler who held the lease