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16 LUBOML These are the declarations of the prominent and wealthy men, with the concurrence of the head of the rabbinical court, on this fifth day of Chol Hamoed Pesach, 1757. (1766) The entire burial society of the tailors' guild has adopted a rule forbidding any member from enrolling his son, son-in-law, or any other craftsman, from the year 1766 until 1790. (1791) With God's help, and may He make his journey pleasant and allow him to support himself by the work of his own handsR. Asher Zelig, son of Eliezer, who is a goldsmith and whose father is a member of our guild, has petitioned us, the tailors and butcher's guild, to accept him into our guild so he can be one of us. And when we saw merit in his request, we agreed unanimously to accept him into our guild and requested that he pay 30 gulden as an initiation fee. (1792) May this be recorded for posterity and be a reminder as something to observe and never to violate: It once happened that a householder troubled a craftsman to sew fine garments for his son to wear as the groom, and another craftsman bid for the chance to sew the clothes, and that is already trespassing, which the holy Torah has warned us against. And so we all got together to forge a compromise between the two craftsmen and the house- minS topoS .oinn c'm (3.3nn) poS innit 131S orlon mil 02 Minn lnit [nia SyD33,1 niymv nip nrnio ;my) 3:43 oitny por 11K173 1-123 t/17S1, innn 127 112y 1177 iv3a5n o1np5 name, 1110707 K, art? nt3 monS tropSon IS Ito'? Inti nottSt Sya iiirr Kin noria nottinn itS .ntroyn monn 335 nrom3 nvx !ram rotHSt iSyan irn n'ytn in in, ,nyon rotten iSymn nnvo Stntr, m3y KolpS iro rinvy aymnr .op T TD mire ny No3p$ nivy 1111) rontSt ,3yan3 min ntnSan NY, in( 'DJ .712a 11111 trot, itopi my n333D ;11p1 blt MIDI UK '3'3 lrl snSol xtionS ¡On 1151 lpin3 ntry3 nt Dl ninin .p.ES rain n:v 03D., vino no, 1.7 .narn 1333/ti op win JonSor (rann) )(Iry ny 'min. Sro te, Inxt, ,n3pn 'wiry roil ti noon, -Inc) nnonn oro3yo 3yisi rinnn iao5 Srom o.yan tmy wor ono -um nKl .uoiir i crono ;norm [moil .nitnn i3pt no5 Iry nuyom annn 100 KY, in47 Page from the Luboml Workers' Ledger. holderand the workmen and the householder were fined. That is, the householder must pay a 10 gulden fine, for he caused him to lose a day's wages, and the craftsman must pay a 10 gulden fine, for he caused him to lose a day's wages, and [both] the craftsmen must pay a 10 gulden fine because this took place between them. And from now on if something like this happens, we will punish him even more than this, as the association will decide. And we pass this with all gravity and severity, not jokingly at all, today, the first day of the week, 22 days in the month of Shvat, 1791. (1797) We also have decided that none of us shall take another man's worker until the master and the worker shall come before the association and present their cases to the association, and as the association decides, so shall they act. And if one party does not 111RD1D ty 17,111 KKK im-yn D; 7,17.1 iron`, 1,1 (ripn) mm Tun oy:cn trixInar. r,?n, 1.11.11V1,1 11012) ri K1 rooy5 r17t60 oirlyn ,n3:33,5m SirtS trown xtinnr n5v5 15,x1 nnxSa na,, ptro KS pi roil, name., .pot rottono 'IV Sy TO Tin/ m3ni 1K V"?lK in nay /7):01113 nivyS. 5y.4 .n atron row) ,e7 alarm ,:aS ran matt xv, .10,02 KIND nnx'm rovy5 -inn Tx ruin inx/ 5y.y p.m/DS 1:111,1,1 rinvKi 127pi.1 .71171,1 127 111tra Kil nirptc, mnipn pm ....,orrp nt3tS73 mtiyS ono 1,5 nSiSrt "nr,rui .1 'a morn, ',Pp irptit 'in, ns.303:3 mtly5 tinS nSiSn .not mono y [nay non] rtm D716:7 MVO 1'7 nSiSn inT? Spo in on nvp IDXJ nntnn 13D.7 K1111 ri7t, nno Sy "13/V1 rie7r olpt 5.31/ n3prn Sir mnyiv Ina, pl .5Kpn 'm'y rni oomti mmmii in'n. (nam nit) linipn nob [-Wan .71n) mimi n '1^ 7,3N 7, tros7 ',min (3-opn) robs/ xpinni n3pn 33ivy oinin ntmpn nntnn ono notern Sim 1KV .ag iron 1K In na htn1 rown5 ninp5 tOv Jp.01`r,apn is Er35) 17.17prl nrrt (eqn) Arlin na rain nay nm orlon ;iron l'3313 1,71, 17/t7 ,n1a Tina inn mnit 021 111111% 71Z1076 inniSo .11p07K "n7 siSy3 -rpm ..nn 3.11 onr, mulini., 1.. vp,nm [pum /wino] rum 115v n-onnn 11111K131 111) "WV rrrann -11K.; )ni nrap my. nSv niunn ici3pn5 nro nottn KNe7 p137 Awn In, 0'2,77 la 012'710 11VZ n.x5s 13,,,rofrn MOO Page from the Luboml Workers' Ledger.
agree, he shall be punished as the association shall decide, and the complaints shall be brought before the association's elders. The Period of Decline The heyday of the Luboml community, a period that began during the second half of the 16th century, lasted about 200-225 years. Keeping in mind that the periodization of history is generally artificial, we reckon the beginning of the decline ofJewish life in Luboml from the 1760s or 1770s. If we want to connect the period of decline with an important event in the general history of Polish Jewry, we must mention the dissolution of the Council of the Four Lands. That great administrative institution, which played a fundamental role in the lives of the Jews in Poland and Lithuania, was liquidated by the Polish Sejm in 1767. At approximately that time there are signs of decline in the Luboml community, both in internal affairs and in its position relative to surrounding communities. An undisputed sign of the importance of a Jewish community in those times was the status of its rabbinatebut in the second half of the 18th century (and even a bit earlier) there were no longer any rabbinical luminaries shining in the heavens above Luboml as in previous times. The days when world-renowned geniuses occupied the rabbinical authority in Luboml were over. The decline of Luboml's Jewish community is connected with one of the most decisive events in Polish historythe division of the Kingdom of Poland among Russia, Prussia, and Austria, especially the last two partitions in 1793 and 1795, when Volhynia was torn away from Poland and annexed to the kingdom of the tsar. It is no coincidence that Luboml's prime was connected with the Polish-Lithuanian unification of 1569, the Lublin Union, and that Luboml's decline was connected with the partition of Poland. The Chelm-Belz district in which Luboml was found was connected, both Jewishly and economically, more to areas to the west of it in Poland than to places to the east in Volhynia. The detachment of Volhynia from the Polish kingdom at first brought economic hardships to the Russian-annexed territories. It took a while THE EARLY DAYS 17 for Volhynia to adapt to the new administrative directives and the new economic structure. The negative economic effects were felt longer and more severely in the district which was on the border of Poland and Volhyniaand Luboml shared this fate. Another important event connected primarily with the history of Jews in Volhynia must be taken into account in order to understand the decline of the Luboml community. The effects of this event can be seen in the following statistics: In 1790 there were 31,027 Jews living in 422 communities in Volhynia. In 1849 the number of Jews was 174,457 in 141 communities. In 1897 there were 397,722 Jews in 133 places. When those dry numbers are analyzed, the following becomes apparent: From 1790 to 1849a period of about 60 yearsthe number ofJews in Volhynia increased approximately sixfold, but there were only on ethird as many Jewish communities. If the proportion of people to settlements in 1849 had been the same as in 1790, there would have been 2,500 communities. The same trend is evident in 1897. From 1849 to 1897-a mere 50 yearsthe number of Jews in Volhynia increased two and one-half times, while the number of communities not only did not grow, but actually decreased. This trend is most impressive when we consider the statistics for the entire century, 1790 to 1897. In that period, the number ofJews in Volhynia rose from 31,027 to 397,722-a thirteenfold increase. At the same time, the number of settlements decreased from 422 to 133, a drop of more than two-thirds. These figures point to a tremendously important event in the history of the Jews in Volhynia: From the end of the 18th century, with the partition of Poland, a great consolidation of Jewish communities in Poland began. Due to these conditions, an internal migration took place, reducing the diffusion and increasing the concentration of Jewish communities in Volhynia. On account of this consolidation, some communities gained population and others lost. Luboml was one of the losers.
Page 1 and 2: ...\* t 4 0-4. 14;51L- 4,sts,- * c4
Page 4 and 5: ovs.4 LAO c ST. f.rx to, r POST 0.
Page 7 and 8: Previous pages: The Great Synagogue
Page 9 and 10: 11. o. o , _J Jr- ,a0 _ A -;-.
Page 11 and 12: Foreword to the English Translation
Page 13 and 14: FIGHTERS ON THE FRONT AND IN THE FO
Page 15 and 16: FOREWORD TO THE ENGLISH TRANSLATION
Page 17: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS TO THE ORIGINAL YIZ
Page 21 and 22: HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN
Page 23 and 24: HISTORY OF THE JEWISH COMMUNITY IN
Page 25 and 26: THE EARLY DAYS THE HISTORY OF LUBOM
Page 27 and 28: egion, robbing, plundering, and mur
Page 29 and 30: More striking is the comparison wit
Page 31 and 32: il'7t*/ l'53'Iti,1 1,1" 3, trnn,,$3
Page 33 and 34: for other local revenue. In 1611, a
Page 35 and 36: history was connected with the regi
Page 37 and 38: (May 5, 1626), he set the following
Page 39: A craftsman may not keep an apprent
Page 43 and 44: Maidansky" and Ben-Tsiyon Datil." T
Page 45 and 46: Natanson "for making a mistake and
Page 47 and 48: Torah. At the end of his life, he m
Page 49 and 50: answer is more complicated than for
Page 51 and 52: than in any of his previous or late
Page 53 and 54: placed by the Jews of those times u
Page 55 and 56: three rabbis from Amsterdam turned
Page 57 and 58: Lubomla (1617). As usual, there fol
Page 59 and 60: Betsalel son of R. Shloyme of Kobri
Page 61 and 62: against a rival. He signs: "Declare
Page 63 and 64: and had a pleasant, modern appearan
Page 65 and 66: 1 Slovnik Geografitshny Polsky. 2 D
Page 67 and 68: written that Reb Gedaliah died in 5
Page 69 and 70: earth to a great thickness on all s
Page 71 and 72: ments from the Temple [in Jerusalem
Page 73 and 74: to their villages singing hoarsely
Page 75 and 76: THE EARLY DAYS else in a store or a
Page 77 and 78: the end of Friday evening services
Page 79 and 80: Forward-looking and enlightened par
Page 81 and 82: pedestrians. It was filled with the
Page 83 and 84: synagogue, perplexed as to why they
Page 85 and 86: these bands, though the town itself
Page 87 and 88: Epshteyn, who later was replaced by
Page 89 and 90: The whole district of Libivne had,
Page 91 and 92:
Lyuba Shames-Vishnits, Yehudit Tsur
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I. tr. Members of HeChalutz, 1931.
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Jewish youth were living with a gre
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WORLD WAR I AND ITS AFTERMATH By Yi
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ullet hadn 't even touched him. Und
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certain extent, even into areas aro
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spread cultural activities that las
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Kochba, which ran for quite some ti
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drim.....10.0010111100.1111111101.1
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Among these youths was a studentsti
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ish residents in captured territori
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pair of horses we'd had since the G
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Hebrew Teachers Come to Our Town As
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In my day there were three rabbis i
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A JEWISH POSTAGE STAMP Luboml-Libiv
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THE ANCIENT LEDGER THAT WENT ASTRAY
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LIFE, RECONSTRUCTION, AND CREATIVIT
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years old. Those trees were cared f
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of worship took upon themselves the
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LUBOML'S ECONOMIC SITUATION UP TO 1
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eal shoes walked barefoot until the
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My hometown Libivne [Luboml], is lo
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There was a Jew, Shamele Protsentni
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I came originally from Volkovisk. S
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Of all the holidays observed in our
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orchard. We often became involved i
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THE JEWS OF THE VILLAGE OF STAVKE B
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AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A JEWISH DAUGHTER
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One of the most important instituti
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FROM DAILY LIFE 143 fir://,6- -A /)
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THE GREAT SYNAGOGUE By Yakov Hetman
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, .t. ,L., -I F.: FROM DAILY LIFE 1
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THE SYNAGOGUES AND CHASIDIM IN OUR
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The Bet HaMidrash also served as a
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interpret it all by myself. He was
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Three other houses of worship were
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SABBATH EVE IN THE SHTETL By Yitsha
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go into the rebbe's room one by one
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Whenever I reminisce about my homet
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In describing the daily life of our
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leading to the bath itself closed a
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from 150 pounds down to 100 in orde
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When the two men came to fix the wi
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1.-yr} ,.7)15r1 1.6 ',"f)') . :.1"1
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Judging him by his character, we ca
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The story of the rescue of Luboml's
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Dovid Veytsfrucht (London) was know
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then was up in years, though strict
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R. Moyshe Yitshak Kagan R. MOYSHE Y
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Moyshe Fuks, Yitshak Leyb Blumen, L
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°- issue, my older brother Motl, t
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The mill and the electricity-produc
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The whole time I was in America I a
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IIinseauin a short peasant jacket m
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He was also a member of the Chevra
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son, Asher, would always come to hi
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made sheepskin winter hats called k
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E.- The scroll of Esther %IN/1311v
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CHARACTERS AND PERSONALITIES 201 Ra
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SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND EDUCATIONAL A
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EDUCATION AND CULTURE IN LUBOML 191
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IMPORTANT CULTURAL ACTIVITIES By Ye
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THE HEBREW HOME OF YAKOV BLUMEN By
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sleep and only the youth went outsi
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one side and go out on the other si
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forbade refugees in areas less than
Page 257 and 258:
THE SOVIET AUTHORITIES By Yisroel L
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After that I saw many instances whe
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AS REFUGEES IN LUBOML By Rochl Melt
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OIL PRODUCTION IN THE GHETTO By Nat
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several other Jewish young men were
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THE JOURNEY FROM SPIRITUAL DESTRUCT
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Everyone joined in the hunt after t
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THE ANNIHILATION CHRONOLOGY OF DEST
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the brick factory stood and where f
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day we were still 12; todayonly one
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y the German police. Many children,
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their shovels. If they did not, the
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us, and every time we went to work
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Jews have already been taken." But
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The first Jewish victim in Libivne
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DURING THE HORRIBLE DAYS By Yakov E
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I SAW THIS WITH MY OWN EYES By Mash
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PRESS ARTICLES ABOUT THE KOVALCHUK
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From the Tog-Morgn Zhurnal, Wednesd
Page 295 and 296:
attempting to appear to the Philade
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half-hour. Suddenly, an SS man with
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Shtreichera cousin to the one menti
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killed there. In spite of the dange
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FROM THE BOOK OF THE PROPHET EZEKIE
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her two children, another of his co
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woods. Here they built bunkers in w
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RESCUED FROM THE BIG FIRE By Rochl
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Passover came and a new exterminati
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Moscowa doctor, a prosecutor and tw
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Kampyoni, who had a good relationsh
Page 317 and 318:
pieces of gold with me, and he exch
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coffee house with strange men. Afte
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As soon as the Russian army left, w
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ON A UKRAINIAN PASSPORT By Shmuel a
Page 325 and 326:
milk and asked me what I wanted. I
Page 327 and 328:
IN THE SHADOW OF DEATH By Chaike Ko
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long as I live, I will never forget
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to him longer than with the Grimatl
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A PRISONER OF WAR WITH THE GERMANS
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The schedule was the same as in the
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On our way, we decided to split int
Page 339 and 340:
NEVER SAYZOG NISHT KEINMOL!!! Parti
Page 341 and 342:
FIGHTERS ON THE FRONT AND IN THE FO
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IN THE GHETTO, IN THE FOREST, AND W
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AS A POLE WITH THE PARTISANS By Jos
Page 357 and 358:
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waited a few hours, but the Judenra
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The Germans entered Libivne in 1939
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Mendl Zilberman as a Polish soldier
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CHAYIM ROZENBLIT: PARTISAN AND SOLD
Page 373 and 374:
Like all other Jewish shtetls, Libi
Page 375 and 376:
My sister Freyde, the daughter of L
Page 377 and 378:
Nachman Weissman (z"1.) as a soldie
Page 379 and 380:
FROM VILLAGE TO VILLAGE By Yisroel
Page 381 and 382:
THE PARENTS WHO DID NOT MAKE IT By
Page 383 and 384:
THE ACTIVITIES OF THE BENEVOLENT SO
Page 385 and 386:
THE SURVIVORS AND THE RETURN TO LIF
Page 387 and 388:
LIBIVNER JEWS IN ARGENTINA By Zelik
Page 389 and 390:
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THE FORMATION AND ACTIVITIES OF THE
Page 393 and 394:
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MEMORIAL PRAYER IN MEMORY OF THE HO
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THESE ARE THE NAMES OF ALL THE HOLY
Page 401 and 402:
Dimetshteyn Avrom; wife; children D
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Frimerman Moyshe; wife, Sosl; child
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Hak Binyomen; wife; children Ben-Ts
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Krelin Meyer-Chayim; wife; children
Page 409 and 410:
Avrom; wife; children Pinye (Tchode
Page 411 and 412:
Privner Motl; wife, Chaye; son, Eli
Page 413 and 414:
Yehuda Moyshe-Yoyne; wife, Roze; so
Page 415 and 416:
Tsvirn Chayim; wife, Malke; son, Sh
Page 417 and 418:
Zhelaznik Beyle (from Dubenko) Zieg
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398 (Y"Y) 10711 11n733 ri4nDi -or ,
Page 424 and 425:
400 Luboml, Lubomla, mko rzad., pow
Page 426 and 427:
Warm, Vibrant Shtetl Life on the Br
Page 428 and 429:
A Return to LubomlAnd Dark, Distant
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406 happened, where history explode
Page 432 and 433:
Oct. 1, 1993 The Sheltering Sky How
Page 434 and 435:
April 14, 1995 In 1938 Esther Ziege
Page 436 and 437:
412 also served as a Guest Curator
Page 438 and 439:
414 Luboml's embrace is expansive.
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The Road to Luboml A Writer Retrace
Page 442 and 443:
418 A local official listens, refus
Page 444 and 445:
420 LUBOML and shrieks: "Don't take
Page 446 and 447:
422 her home to see her icons. "She
Page 448 and 449:
424 Mr. Dzei has amassed a formidab
Page 450 and 451:
March 30, 1996 An Effort to Restore
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GREAT BRITAIN London* Europe 1937 *
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